Cell Structure Essay Example for Free

Cell Structure EssayAfter completing the exercise, I was able to a) Prep be the specimens for staining. b) Observe and identify the ridiculous and typical structures of the microscopic world. c) Identify and use different stains for different types of organelles. Introduction Cell is the simplest unit of life as we see it now. All organisms argon do from kiosks. It is first explained by Robert Hooke in the year 1665 and it is now known to be of almost universal occurrence in organisms. Cell theory refers to the idea that cadres be the basic unit of structure in every living thing. Development of this theory during the mid 1600s was made possible by advances in microscopy. In the pecking order of biological organization, the cell is the simplest collection of matter that sack live. There are diverse forms of life that exist as single-celled organism or intricate organism. Though in general, most cells are similar, they still show considerable diversity especially in their contents, shape and function. However, with the creation of microscope, scientists and researchers are able to workplace the specimen of a cell and identify its different structure.Big structures such as the cell wall, cell membrane and nucleus could be seen under the swooning microscope. Nevertheless, some smaller structures are still too small to be identified without first staining it. Stains can be used to enhance job in microscopy image. The choices of stain are important because different stains react or concentrate in different parts of a cell or tissue. This can be seen when acetocarmine stains the nucleus and its contents iodine solution stains starch grains. Through this experiment, we will be able to determine the structures in the cell.Results and Discussion I. Epidermal Cells of Plants lowly power The diagram drawn is the upper layer of the cell of the Rheo Discolours leaf. From the diagram, we can see that the cells structured together, that is it seems to be a la yer of over-lapped plant cells. Some of the cell have rhombus shaped object. Most of the cells have thick cell wall. After adding the stain iodine, the nucleus of the cell can be seen clearly on the few cells with a few smaller injustice spots, that is the starch grains. High power The diagram drawn above shows the lower side of the Rheo Discolours leaf cells. spot the upper surface has the simple structures such as cell membranes, cell walls and vacuole, the lower structure consists of all that and also a clearer view of the epidermal cells of the leaf. When magnified, the make cells and also the stomata. The guard cells are lip-shaped, surrounding the stomata. Most of the cells have thick cell wall, with signs of the parenchyma cells on the surface layer and the lower layer of the cell. There are signs of collenchymas especially when there are thickening around the edges of the cell wall when two corners are joined at the cell wall on both surfaces.The lower surface have defin itely larger amount of guard cells and stoma compare to the upper surface of the leave. The cell that keep in lines green plastids is the guard cells which contain the chloroplast. II. Cell Wall and Middle Lamellae The structure drawn above is the transverse section of celery cell. The cell wall is seen from the microscope, surrounding the structure and keeping it intact. A cross-section of a celery sample is composed of m any(prenominal) cells. Transparent cells are in pith, vascular tissues and endodermis.Endodermis is like a border between the knowledgeable and outer parts of a leaf. In the inner part of the leaf, the vascular tissue can be seen quite clearly grouped together, although the difference whether it is a xylem or phloem is indistinguishable. Collenchyma cell can also be seen in this cell when the walls are joined angularly at the corners. The fine channel in the cellulose that connects the nigh cells is the plasmodemata. III. Yeast Cells (Saccharomyces) The cell d rawn above is the structure of the yeast cell which is small when observed under the microscope.Yeast is a tiny form of fungus kingdom or plant-like microorganism ( subgross only under a microscope) that exists in or on all living matter. Inside the yeast, one could see the nucleus, which are the dark colour dots, a liquid solution of protoplasm, protein, fat and mineral matter that the yeast is mainly composed of and the dark patches called the vacuole. However, it can be seen that the yeast cells do have irregular shaped cell walls. In a way, yeast cell resembles the plant cells as they also have a cell wall. develop is a type of asexual reproduction commonly seen in yeast cells.New individuals will arise from the outgrowths of existing ones. Budding allows the cell to grow without the merger of the egg and sperm cell. Therefore, individual cells can also reproduce without a mate. I can conclude that yeast is neither a plant nor an zoology cell it is a type of fungi like mushroo m. IV. Blood cells The structure above shows the drawing of the red blood cells. The red blood cells are so small that none of the structures are distinguishable. However, I could be sure that the red blood cell does not contain any nucleus. It is irregular in shape, so the cell wall is also absent.The blood cells mostly clump together. They differ from the regular animal cell in the sense that it does not contain any nucleus whatsoever and it has no starch grains. The red blood cell is surrounded by a type of liquid, named the plasma. V. Spirogyra Cells The Spirogyra cells are cells that consist of a scope of elongated cells joined end to end. It consists of the basic structure seen in the plant cells, which is cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, small starch grains and most importantly the chloroplast which is the most visible under the microscope.The chloroplast consists of stacks of grana that can be seen clearly spiraling along the elongated cells. Chloroplast is important for the plant during photosynthesis as it converts sunlight and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy. VI. curse The cell drawn above is the Euglena cells. It is a one body cell that exists individually. It is very small even under the microscope and is barely visible even with staining. The euglena cell is green in colour. However it is not a plant cell because the shape is an irregular shape. Some of the Euglena has a asshole structure that comes from the top of the cell.This tail is called the flagellum. It seems that the flagellum is its mode of transport. Conclusion In a cell, whether an animal or a plant cells or cells from other groups in the animal kingdom, there are also smaller molecular structures that can only be seen with a high power microscope. Some structures require staining in order to be visible to the eye even with a microscope. any staining is unique in order to see certain structures of the cell. Different types of cells have different structures and shapes. Eve ry cell has their own special characteristics in these structures.

Society of American Naturalist Essay Example for Free

Society of American Naturalist EssayDifferent organisms live in a specific place in the biosphere called their habitat. through and through the course of evolution, species have adapted to their milieu by growing certain physical structures or developing certain characteristics. Factors such as availability of resources (such as light intensity, water availability and differents) generate to the success of survival among species in the biosphere (Regents prep, 2003). Also, biotic relationships (such as competition, mutualism and others) interact to the dynamics of species survival. Certain species of plants grow abundantly in certain argonas only of the biosphere. Some grasses grow abundantly in argona where on that point is ample source of sunlight, but does not grow at bottom forest beds where sunlight is scarce. In the same way, succulent herbs and vines are not commonly seen in dry area like the grassland. This exercise aims to characterize the work of light intensity to the survival of grassland monocots. Hypothesis Limit in the availability of resources would cause decrease in species productivity and may reduce their chance of survival. For plants that are adapted to direct sunlight exposure may not be able to survive when placed in an environment where there is less total of light.Methods For this experiment, effects of changes in lighting fix to grassland plant will be tested. To do this, find a grassland area (or any area that are loose to direct sunlight most time of the day) and select species of low growing monocots. The area should be occupied dominantly by a single species in run to make flabby observation. Measure six feet by six feet (6 x 6 ft) working area. Using small peg and nylon string mark the terminal point and divide the working area into four equal quadrants. Tag the quadrants as area I, II, II and IV as shown in figure 1.I II III IV Figure 1. Working quadrant in grassland area. Using long sticks and cheesecloth (or a ny material that would cast greater shadow), make a camp out over quadrant III and IV making sure that quadrant I and II are not shaded. The tent will simulate shaded check over and limit sunlight exposure for species in quadrant III and IV, while ensuring that other condition such as, humidity, mineral and water contents of soil and interacting species (insects and other plants) are held constant. In making the canopy, leave at least half foot (0. 5 ft) gap above the tip of the grass so that style can circulate in the area and will not cast shadow in area I and II when direction of sunlight changes. quadrant I serve as the control while quadrant II serves as a duplicate for the control.Quadrant III is the experimental and quadrant IV is the duplicate. Make a table and list the initial condition of the selected grass species found in all quadrants. Take note of the time observation was do and the condition of the environment such as temperature of the surrounding air and the so il, humidity. Measure the difference in the amount of light in each quadrant.For two weeks, take in any changes in the condition of the grasses, such as leaf color and turgidity in all quadrants. Collect data every two days, kinda the same time when the set up was made. Predictions There will be noticeable changes in the condition of plans found in the given set up. Because these plants are not adapted in colder or shaded area, most leaves of grasses III and IV would have turned yellow and noticed decrease in their turgidity. Some leaves may have already dried out because photosynthesis is not carried out in its maximum potential.Grasses found on quadrants I and II should have remained the same condition as the start of the setup, because all factors necessary for its survival is available. Conclusions A change in the environmental condition and limit of resources affects the chance of species survival. Plants that are found in grassland area that are adapted to prolonged sunlight exposure may not be able to survive when placed in an area where there is a limited supply of sunlight. Part II Evolution of Resistant Bacteria Mutation of infectious bacteria to a resistant strain seems out(predicate) to stop.Biological species are not fixed entities and are subject to ongoing modification through chance and adaptation (Society of American Naturalist, 1998). Organisms (such as bacteria) interact with its environment (their host and medicines) in a very dynamic way that it is biological phenomenon to adapt to these changes. Therefore, evolution of mutant genomes is inevitable. In natural environment, conditionation of resistant form of bacteria had been found. Antibiotics produced naturally by the soil, waste products and treatment waste are also contributes to evolution of these organisms.Since there is no way of stopping evolution, the only possible solution to this problem is to slower down its process. Though there is no possible way to quantize the evolutio n process or exactly pulsation its progress, it is the idea of determining the key point in the evolution process and tackles the issue at that point. Resistant forms of bacteria comes form strains that are not to the full killed by antibiotics. There are cases when a patient was instructed to take medicine for a certain period but discontinue taking the medication when they tang that they are already well.However, they do not know that bacteria causing their sickness were just dormant or too few to cause illness. Or some resort to self medication by taking readily available over the counter antibiotics. Medical professionals on the other hand contribute to the matter. Administering prescription drug has been a normal way in treating diseases. However, because of prolonged use to these antibiotics, resistant forms of bacteria evolve. There is theoretical evidence proving application of selective pressure (such as antibiotics in food animals) will result in drug resistance by path ogens attacking human.It may not be easy to get direct evidence but this could help in development of policies (Leidberg, 1997, p. 419). Educating the public round the risk of self medication and drug resistance is a good step. Including this topic to academic lessons is also a good way in reaching peoples attention. Also, it is not just the public who should be serious approximately his matter. Medical professionals should also be aware of the risk involve in prescribing common antibiotics to most illness. After all, they are the ones that have direct knowledge about medicines and illnesses.Doctors are the ones who can control the prescription of antibiotics and how it should be taken by their patients.ReferencesSociety of American Naturalist. (1998, December 23). Evolution, Science and Society Evolutionary Biology and the subject Research Agenda. Retrieved show 9, 2008, from http//www. rci. rutgers. edu/ecolevol/execsumm. html Lederberg, J. (1997). Infectious Disease as an Evo lutionary Paradigm. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3(4), 417-423. Regents Prep (2003) Living Environment Ecology Biotic vs. Abiotic. Retrieved March 9, 2008, from http//regentsprep. org/Regents/biology/units/ecology/biotic. cfm

The marketing strategy of business network transformation

The marketing strategy of crinkle ne dickensrk renewalBy definition, caper Network Transformation (BNT) is a marketing strategy in which companies depart adopt a opposite path which normally companies would follow in order to be more than(prenominal) competitive in this dynamic business world. The two major phenomenons that atomic number 18 well-nigh consequential from any federations perspective would be faster technological innovation with respect to products assists and being a reliable supplier.Extension simulation Companies adopt the extension model to spread out their business to gain new piece of business with increasing demand.The following argon the important aspects of Business Network Transformation Value proposition It is important to explicit the type of products or servings the company provide to its clients. Moreover, it gives a unparalleled value between a business and prospects of the business. It is also a strategic asset which forms a basis for Ma rket and its strategy , Business Planning , furnish and competitors strategy , motions, Customer service and Pricing .Customer Interface Target customer This describes how the customer segments are targeted to achieve a profitable growth.Distribution manoeuver This describes how the product applyes the customer by various routes.Relationship This explains how the firm is linked with the customer with its various customer segments.Infrastructure Management Value configuration It specifies the way in which the various activities and resources of the business are arrangedCore competency This defines how the core competencies required in a business model are executed.Partner meshing This describes how to collaborate with business partners to harvest the benefit out of it.Normal way of running a business is to extract value from companys network which is a tangible asset that bridges the enterprise and consumers in terms of its connectivity capabilities. However, as explained in t he definition, now the companys started adopting different way of doing their business by adopting different models whereby value is extracted from intangible assets corresponding e-commerce initiatives, targeted advertising that will eventually generate service fees from performed transactions or commissions. This methodology of obtaining value from intangible assets will for certain outperform tangible asset - base connectivity revenues.The two terms, Present Mode of Operation (PMO) and Future Mode of Operation (FMO) are so vital in present-day(prenominal) business world. What is required from enterprise point of view is to have additional business models which will a best fit for enterprises Future mode of operation that leads to increase in revenue growth of the company and reduction in companies operational expenses by measuring the intangible assets of the business.Alcatel-lucent, a Tele- communication service supplier company has been taken as an example.The company has i nvested in new IP, IPTV and IMS technologies in order to compete with other service providers who have expanded their network to overlap of voice, data and video services across fixed, wireless and satellite networks.In order to sustain in the competition, some of the service providers are making their menses services less expensive, faster and better.Forming new Business Transformation Strategies are inevitable in current business scenario. However, there hold out some inhibitions in the minds of service providers that these rapid changes in the business model might disturb current business models revenue. It has been estimated that voice and data subscription services contributes 80% of current revenue.It could be seen that a level of saturation is reached for the tralatitious model. Due to this saturation limit , the company Alcatel-Lucent decided has decided to go in for the advanced business model not only withstanding to allow the service providers to tap new revenue but to distinguish themselves from competitors by subscription-based businesses.Service providers have to perform critical sagacity of Tangible and intangible assets within the legal boundaries in order to evaluate current business model.Return on Investment (ROI) is a main focal point for the service providers which shadow be achieved by tactical assets sellingReal-world Business Model InnovationsDue to market demand in communication intentness there is increasing pressure from service providers to adopt new business models in order to penetrate through the existing market.The following are Business models in the fields of innovationSponspered communicationsM-bankingBroadband Community CentresHosted PlatformsWholesalingOutsourcingAsset-sharingContent Aggregation and BrokeringTargeted AdvertisingUGC and CommunitiesFulfilmentE-Commerce and m-CommerceSponsored CommunicationsAdvertising through funded calls is one of the important innovations in the field of telecom. There is appreciable change foreseen while comparing the conventional subscription model. Sort of incentives in the form of more talk time and give lesser are the added benefits ext s annihilate awayed to the subprogramrs if they accept to receive advertisement messages. Initially this methodology was put in to use by a UK Based company who manages to offer these sorts of benefits to targeted customers in the age group between sixteen to twenty four year of people, eventually this approach has yielded a reduction in supplant user access approachs to a range between 20 to 50 %M-banking Due to various socio-economical reasons , it back tooth be seen that in most of the countries may not be having basic banking service to its people , on contrary using mobile faculty is so common in most of the countries . It would be quite an difficult and rather expensive to manage transactions for especially for those having smaller accounts through the existing banking system due to inadequate number of branch es exist in nations where population explosion is on the drive, especially in the rural areas. These shortcomings can be addressed through the M-banking which uses mobile technology.The technological advancement rather the strategy in the Mobile industry is to develop Mobile pre-paid payment engines that manage real time small transactions by the use of SMS (Short pithedness Service) which is really a less expensive measure to the Mobile users.This service of Mobile banking has been very successful in many countries especially in ontogenesis countries like India and China. A classic example can be quoted from a leading service provider of Telecom situated in Philippines , named as spheric Telecom, who introduced a service called G-Cash service which has got electronic valet adroitness through which the user can send and receive electronically and payments can be make through short message texting . Due to its easiness in use it has been predicted by World Resource Institute t hat due to its demand, with in 5 eld Mobile banking services will be extended to billion customers.Broadband Community Centres Singapore is one of the typical examples for this feature. Community centres provide Internet facility to its residents there by offering services like e -government Tax payment, application forms, etc . In some countries like Australia, Broad band community centres make bold the roles of Bank branches or government agents. Basically these centres serve the residents as a platform in which more industries and social organizations have a greater reach to the people, which become a cost effective measure for the people as well.Hosted Platforms This approach is implemented by Alcatel-Lucent company in an African country Senegal where it hosted a mobile data centre where the service providers from four other parts of the world make use of it by providing GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) applications that run at a speed of 115 kb/s. Due to this service facil ity it becomes possible for the service providers are able to provide services to the end user at much shorter time period of 3 months. The main advantage in this business model can be seen from the fact that the service providers those who are in this need to pay to the host company Alcatel-Lucent as and when they use the platform. This is indeed a real benefit for countries which are under developed like Africa where the country may not sufficient users to attract Telecom companies to invest on stand-alone platforms to deliver advance services in the arena of Telecommunication in an efficient and cost effective way.Wholesaling This type of approach is followed mostly in the developing countries where the network operator resells excess net work might to a retail service provider VNO (Virtual Network operator) who in turn offer services to consumers or commercial institutionsOutsourcing This approach becomes more common in most of the countries. Day to day work functions and manag ing the resources will be given to an outside supplier. The business functions that will be offered will be diverged in nature. The external supplier will take care of related work functions of Data storage, financial accounting, Supply Chain management and HR functions like pay couch etc . The major advantage of outsourcing lies on the reduction in the total cost of ownership and extending timely service to the consumersAsset-sharing The main advantage of this model is sharing co-occur tangible assets between services providers operate same networks in order to eliminate infrastructures that are overlapping among them. Due to this asset -sharing model the service providers can expand the area of coverage and reduce impact on environment to a greater extend.This approach again reduces the total cost of ownership and more innovative services can be provided to their consumers.Content Aggregation and Brokering The main driver for this business model approach is the concept of UGC ( User-generated content) and premium content. The user can directly purchase copy righted multimedia files through video-on-demand and pay-per-view models. What is important in this model is to ensure the integrity of the content that is purchased by the user by adopting digital rights management technology to verify the authenticity of the content.Targeted AdvertisingThis type of model encompasses interactive connection between people and the type of brands they are looking for through multimedia screens like TV, Mobile and Computer etc Due to the current technological advancements, these multimedia sectors become the essential revenue generating opportunities for the service providers.Premiums paid by the advertisers in this multimedia will add on to the revenue growth to the service provider which is quite substantiated.UGC and Communities This model is ontogeny day by day in the field of communication. The examples for this model are social network sites like Face book. MySpace, people information sites like TripAdvisor and YouTube. In these user is allowed to generate multimedia content which is distributed instantaneously to the other users. Once the content is created in these applications it can be amended, rated and commented by many group of users.The following are the common types of UGC that includes new sites, motion-picture show sharing sites, service review sites, trip planners, social network sites, boards, blogs and gamming sites.In this concept, forums are used as the platform to share the users knowledge, experience on a topic of interest. The industry which has reaped the benefits out of this model is the broadcasting industry which has gained momentum due to persistent consumer interaction and better service orientation. Another mile play off in this model is getting the users feedback directly by introducing the option of voting via internet or mobile device so that pulse of the user is mensural instantaneously.Fulfilment This model ti es the service provider and the user in terms of billing relationship leverage once the transaction is completed and service is delivered to the end user on third parties behalf. A typical example would be downloading a music album to mobile phone via internetE-Commerce and m-Commerce This model envisages an electronic transaction in terms of buying and selling operations in the mobile services.The following electronic transactions are the typical examples for this model, consumers can use the wireless network infrastructure for Internet banking electronic funds transfers, Internet Marketing, SCM (Supply Chain Management), on line trading and electronic data interchangeM-Commerce provides the end user an opportunity to pay for goods purchased using their mobile device. In other words, mobile phones are considered to be Virtual Credit Card with the usual securities in place to avoid tampering in any sort.It can be inferred from the above business model that the main drivers are reduc e operational cost and increase top-line revenue. Either of the above action will lead to increase in business margin.Consultative Approach to Business TransformationIt is also a newer approach being followed by Alcatel-Lucent to its service providers there by suggesting a right strategic direction by developing a structured and consultatory frame work in the form of simple serve wellStep 1 Identifying our customers PMO.Step 2 Understanding the customers top priorities and objectivesStep 3 Identifying the customers think FMOStep 4 Identifying the appropriate products, services and solutionsIt is anticipated for a failure if the steps are not followed which may lead to contradict impact to the business results in a increase in the cost and decrease in the revenues and low margins. Failure to do so can result in negative consequences in the form of a negative spiral of growing costs and flattening or decreasing revenues and margins.The real switch of PMO to FMO will happen af ter the service providers going through a transition phase in which the cost for operations will certainly increase due to deployment of new IP based system in terms of legal maintenance .Comprehensive approach to transformation has yielded good result for the enterprise.Strategic Impact AnalysisThe company Alcatel-Lucent has worked with some(prenominal) kinds of operators the modernizers and the comprehensive business transformers. . Not with standing to the fact that both operators yielded good result , however their strategies will be different . The operator Modernizers gives at most importance to technical details with tactical execution, where as the another operators emphasis is on emerging business needs and implementing strategic objectives .Creating ConvergenceThe challenges are growing as the technology grows, hence the strategies being follow by the enterprises and service providers should take a realistic and feasible approach in order to run for forward with the t ransformation initiatives that nurtures Consumer relation and profitable growth . Hence creating convergence becomes so vital on the current business environment..The following layers should be jump together in order to bring IT and network environments connected at each and every layer of the networkUser exposureBusiness processService abstractionApplicationPhysical / Technical baseIt is not expected to have one-size-fits-all approach to transformation, however it is imperative to have each transformation initiative evaluated based on respective strategic direction thereby assessed according to its own characteristics and further tailored to meet the need .In this context what is more important is to have clear understanding of Present Mode of Operation (PMO) and to develop strategies to reach required Future Mode of Operation (FMO).Ensuring successful transformation also means finding a knowledgeable, committed network integrator partner that can act as a trusted adviser every st ep of the way. The best partner brings expertise and experience in IT and networks, as well as a comprehensive services methodology built on best practices and experience to mitigate risk, minimize complexity, capture new revenue, reduce costs, and position organizations to reap the business transformation benefits going forward.Today, the service provider delivers traditional voice and data services while introducing new, innovative media and entertainment offerings that generate new streams of revenue over a common network infrastructure. In addition, the service provider is reaping full advantage from Alcatel-Lucents field-proven solutions and integration expertise, enabling the provider to meet its strategic network and business transformation goals as well as commercial and operational objectives.ConclusionIt can be seen from the strategies implemented by the company Alcatel-Lucent clearly exemplifies that business growth was seen by Business coordination, adopting network tran sformation and extending customer services.It is imperative that the organization and the service providers should start adopting non-traditional ways to monetize their intangible assets e.g. community, location and billing relationship that could be influenced to enhance Consumers trust and confidenceThe strategies adopted by their service providers determine the emerging demands and define key business drivers that will lead to transformation.Furthermore, these strategies pave path way for a market loving situation by adopting new technologies

Reliability and Validity in Research

Reliability and Validity in enquiryThe debate whether soft methods ar reliable and valid have been contested for a long time between soft and vicenary research workers. Quantitative researchers approach research in a positivistic focusing where they believe there is a single truth, behaviours stop be explained by Universal laws and research should be done objectively (Research Methodology, 2016). close to of the studies also involved using statistical methods to analyse. Today, quantitative research is valued by government and policy bump offrs more as they are more reliable, generalizable and easier to analyse (Cannella and Lincoln, 2004 cited in Tracy, 2010). However, soft studies study issues in prudence hence it should be valued more. In this es say, the definition of reliability and daring in quantitative and qualitative research will be discussed. Then requirements of a strong qualitative research will be explored and discourse as a data collection method will b e evaluated.Reliability in quantitative research is defined by (Joppe, 2000, cited in Golafshani, 2003) as the Extent which results are consistent over time and sinless representation of the total people under study. This means similar results should be replicable at a different time and the sample should represent characteristics of the general population. Validity is whether the research beak what it intends to and how accurate the data is (Golafshani, 2003). Being objective is also important to come across data are not preconceived ideaed which affects the reliability of the data. Meeting these objectives will ensure good quality quantitative research.In contrary, qualitative research focuses on structures and bidding behind to have a deeper understanding of a topic through with(predicate) methods such(prenominal) as oppugns and discourse analysis. McDowell (1992) called these researchers critical realists and she believes the work they do can help explain a phenomenon w hereas quantitative data are only useful in identifying the pattern as correlation does not equal to cause (empirical realists). Qualitative methods also aim to show that the world is complex (Schoenberger, 1991) and messy, therefore reliability does not apply and generalised as diversity is more important (Flyvberg, 2006). The meaning of validity is different in qualitative research as it does not measure anything. Golafshani (2003) defines it as Whether a study appears to be reasonable and appropriate. This is related to the method of data collection and analysis. However, some academics believe that validity should not be utilise to qualitative research as the term is defined from a scientific background. Therefore, alternative criteria are genuine as part of a bunkline to improve the quality of qualitative research which will be explored in the next section.There is an ongoing tension between rigour and creativity in the qualitative paradigm. To achieve good rigour, a univer sal standard could be developed to ensure the quality of work is consistent. However, this is rejected by most qualitative researchers as it limits the creativity of their work and results are usually unpredictable which means it will be difficult to meet the standard. Researchers hence need to strike a dimension between the 2 and a rule of thumb will be the most appropriate way to do so (Bailey et al, 1999). The guideline will allow researchers make interpretation of how rigour could be met based on their own circumstances. This will improve the reputation of qualitative research in the society and accepted more widely by the quantitative researchers and government agencies. It also allows researchers from different paradigm to learn from each other and improve their own research methods (Tracy, 2010)One such guideline was proposed by Guba and Lincoln (1985) cited in Baxter and Eyles (1997) who suggested four criteria evaluating qualitative studies to achieve rigour and trustwo rthiness. They try to apply criteria from quantitative into qualitative research. Firstly, it should be credible so that it is accurately representing the findings and can be trusted. The subscriber should be able to understand the issue easily by making the whole research and writing process plausible and persuasive (Richardson, 2000 cited in Tracy, 2010). The second criteria is transferability where findings would be useful outside the study. This is similar to generalisability for quantitative research. However, there is less emphasis in qualitative research on that as each case would be different and no clear conclusion would usually be make. It can be transferable to the lecturer when they make their own interpretation and decide how each specific case could be useful to their own daily life (Tracy, 2010). The third criteria is dependability developed from the idea of reliability. Although data collected from qualitative methods would not produce consistent results, the way d ata is transcribed, coded and analysed can be agreed between multiple researchers and musicians to ensure interpretation would be consistent. The final criteria confirmability is based on objectiveness. This is The degree which findings are determined by the respondents and not by the motivations of the inquirer. (Lincoln and Guba, 1985. P.290 cited in Baxter and Eyles, 2010). This is essential to reduce the bias in qualitative data collection and results which is one of the main reason why it is less popular than quantitative research. Researcher creation reflexive passim the study is the main way to achieve this which will be explained further later in the essay. The criteria above could now be used to evaluate interview as a data collection method.There are three types of Qualitative interview which vary in the degree of freedom given to the instrumentalist when responding. Structured interview involves answering a set number of questions prepared before. A semi-structured i nterview provides a better interaction between the player and the researcher, it is a guided conversation with a few predetermined question and prompts used when more information is needed, which is usually written as an interview guide (Longhurst, 2009). The guide improves the credibility (Baxter and Eyles, 1997) as it allows a better answer to be constructed by the participant. An Unstructured interview is rarely used as it is very difficult for the participant to speak for a long period of time on the same topic and could easily go off topic. Semi- structured is the most common qualitative research method as it strikes the balance between the ability for the participant to speak freely and structuring the interview (University of Leicester, Unknown) providing a certain degree of credibility.Conducting interview requires choosing participant thoughtfully through sampling. Purposive sampling is usually used in which means choosing participants which fit with researchers criteria w ho are usually an insider to the topic of research. This means participants will be able to talk in great detail which is the aim of a qualitative interview. Other sampling methods such as snowball (interviewing friends of participants) and convenience are sometimes used due to difficulty in finding insiders. However, this will reduce the credibility of the research as they might have limited to say due to lack of knowledge in the area (Baxter and Eyles, 1997). Interviewing friends will make it harder to achieve credibility as participants might give accounts to satisfy the need of the researcher which might not reflect the real situation. The sample size is seen by quantitative researcher an important factor to produce good quality research. However, in qualitative interview, the number of interviews conducted is usually limited to around to 20 due to time and financial constraints (Baker and Edwards, 2012) Moreover, a large sample size is not needed as it is enough when the theore tical saturation is reached (Glaser and Strauss, 1967 cited in Bailey et al, 1999). This is where the themes identified during analysis are repeating and no new knowledge would be gained from interviewing more people.During the interview and analysing process, the language the researcher use is crucial to the outcome of the result as interviews are based on interpretation by different people (McDowell, 2010). The way a question is asked could receive a different response as same words might have different meanings to people. During transcription, the researcher might make his/her own interpretation when something is unclear and the final level of interpretation is made by the reader themselves (Schoenberger, 1991). To make the interview results transferable to the reader, the transcription and analysis should be narrative with thick description and minimal interpretation from the researcher. This should include detailed description and illustration of the situation (Tracy, 2010), fo r example using a direct quotation mark from the interview is a good way to achieve it. Methods to improve the credibility of research includes member check and language training. Member check involves sending a copy of the transcript and analysis to the participant (Long and Johnson, 2000) and ask for feedback. The researcher could also understand the language used in an industry before conducting an interview (Schoenberger, 1991). some(prenominal) of these methods will reduce the chance of misinterpretation.After transcription, coding is done to identify common themes from different accounts. This is done by the researcher who chooses the themes. Due to limited blank space in journals, some section of the interview is therefore not analysed. As mentioned before, coding needs to be consistent for the research to be dependable through methods such as collaborative coding or the use of a coding book. Triangulation is a common method used to improve the credibility by using multipl e sources and methods which give the same conclusion (Denzin, 1978 cited in Tracy, 2010). For example, using multiple quotations to support a statement made would improve the credibility of the research. Most importantly, researchers should be self-reflexive to improve credibility. They should think about their own positionalities and decide how to declare it to the reader (Longhurst, 2009). One way is to be transparent about how decisions are made during the research such as sampling and coding strategy. This could be attached as an appendix (Creswell and Miller, 2000 cited in Tracy, 2010) at the end to help a reader to decide whether they agree with researchers interpretation.Overall, interview as a data collection method can meet all the criteria proposed by Guba and Lincoln (1985) if the researcher is careful about every decision that was made and the language used to communicate with the reader. The guidelines are developed based on the idea of validity hence it can be said int erview is also valid as a method but not in a positivistic way in terms of accuracy. They also suggested that When validity is present, it also represent reliability. Therefore, reliability does not have to be considered as it is irrelevant to qualitative studies. Currently, researchers are not being explicit enough in terms of their rationale and how things are done (Baxter and Eyles, 1997), the guideline will therefore help researchers to be more aware of the issue. However, the guideline should not be taken too seriously to the extent that it affects creativity which is the main objective of qualitative research, hence a balance between the two is needed.Bailey, C, White, C, and Pain R (1999) Evaluating qualitative research dealing with the tension between science and creativity. Area. 31(2) 169-83.http//eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/2273/4/how_many_interviews.pdfBaxter, Jamie and Eyles, John (1997) Evaluating qualitative research in social geographics establishing rigour in interview analy sis. Transactions . 22 505-25.Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-606. Retrieved from http//nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol8/iss4/6Long, T and Johnson, M. (2000). Rigour, reliability and validity in qualitative researchLonghurst, R (2009) Interviews In depth, semi-structured. In international Encyclopaedia of GeographyMcDowell, L. 1992. Valid games? A response to Erica Schoenberger. The Professional Geographer. 44(2), pp.212-15.McDowell, L. 2012. https//www.dawsonera.com/readonline/9781446206560Research Methodology, 2016. http//research-methodology.net/research-philosophy/positivism/Schoenberger, E. 1991. The corporate interview as a research method in economic geography. The Professional Geographer. 43(2), pp.180-9.Tracy, S.J.2010. Qualitative quality Eight big-tent criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry. 16(10), pp.837-51.http//www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/psychology/psa/unit5/pag e_09.htm

Business Environment At Mahindra And Mahindra Commerce Essay

Business Environment At Mahindra And Mahindra Commerce EssayThe companion was schematic in 1945 with the assembly line of Willy s jeep in India and direct it is a 7.1 billion Indian and multinational follow all across the testicle. The primary(prenominal) motive of the company is to become the global leader in the field they enter. They have more than 100000 employers employed in their company all across the globe and enjoy leadership in the utility vehicles, tractors and in the Information technology sector and also now they have entered the 2 wheeler divide in India they trying to become the global leaders in that also as the existing big 2 wheeler market players. It also has its forepart in financial sector, tourism sectors, infrastructure sector, logistic and trade sector.Mahindra is the only Indian company with full range f tractors all across the globe and market leader in its CVs, MUVs, SUVs and SEDAN. Mahindra company recently took a major s betroth of the REVA the e lectric car to enter the electric car market fragment is now known as Mahindra Reva in the segment and all over.Mahindra also entered the info and technology segment by taking a hostile putsch of SATYAM TECH CO LTD. In India to get a global market leadership in the information technology sector and show some skills in the sector.Also it took over the KINETIC INDIA PRIVATE LTD. Company the one of the crush in the 2 wheeler segments as to enter the 2 wheeler markets and now the company is known as Mahindra 2 wheelers so as to become the global leader in the country and all across.The company is one amongst the A+ rated companies in the GRI list of rating companies in 2008-09.(http//www.mahindra.com/OurGroup/Overview.html)COOPERATE GOVERNANCE-The cooperate governance code means to achieve best out of everything and to give best of the benefit to the stake holders and to the context to achieve the best performance environment in the market and in the cooperate world.According to Mahi ndra and Mahindra governance is non sightly system, metrics, processes .according to the company it is inheriting itself with beliefs, its culture, values, and motives and its ethics leading to transp bency and accountability which is good governance according to the company.When there was hit of recession in the country there was a flood of legal notifications firing of people and a new set of rules and regulations were make but there was no change in the Mahindra and Mahindra company because they follow a good cooperate governance and also a good set of legislation reforms which make the company different from the other companies. The company follows a code of conduct which are made by director of the company and by the senior management and employees and those are-1. Director shall not take for themselves personally any business opportunities that belong to the Company or are discovered through the use of corporate property, information or position.2. Director shall not corpo rate property, information or position for personal gain.3. Director shall represent the interests of the shareholders of the Company4. Director shall exhibit high standards of integrity, commitment and independence of thought and opinion5. Director shall dedicate adequate time, energy and attention to ensure the diligent performance of his/her duties including devising all reasonable efforts to attend Board or perpetration Meeting6. Director shall comply with every provision of this Code.(http//www.mahindra.com/OurGroup/CODEOFCONDUCTFORDIRECTORS.pdf)Cooperate governance code for management and employees-Management will ensure that the company is running downstairs sound economic environment principles and is working properly with a balanced allocation of resources to support the companies responsibilities to each stake holder of the company.System and policies should be pellucid and should be known to everyone and shall be known to everyone.The management would take out only t hose business processes or approve only those business processes that are sozzled and robust so as they are judicious and worthful.The management committee is committed to seeking long term profits with no compromises.The decision towards employees should be transparent and should not be done due to its caste, creed, gender, religion or handicap of the employee.Every employee would be given the task which is best suited to it and is favoured to it and is unresolved of doing it.The employees can give new ideas and they are welcome and rewarded for their new ideas in the company.Employees will be provided safe and healthy environment and with full time cultism towards them.(http//www.mahindra.com/OurGroup/CODEFORSENIORMGMTCL49.pdf)Long term Sustainability of Mahindra and Mahindra- Environmental changes and societal changes in the economy and in the market Mahindra and Mahindra Company have eagerly entered into new risk markets like the information sector and in the 2 wheeler market for more avenues and revenues from the market and benefiting the company.The Mahindra and Mahindra Companys sustainability is strategically is integrating in the business ventures and making intrinsic decision making processes.In the last three years the sustainability of the company has traversed from intentions to commitments and from commitments to road ramps that is fulfilment of commitments and then presenting in front of the consumers to fulfil their expectations.The company after integrating and haughty the environmental factors and cordial factors of business and management is able to establish a connection between financial and strategic and sustainability directions of the business.(http//www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra%20CSR%202009-10/sustainabilityHYPERLINK http//www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/sustainabilitycontext.aspHYPERLINK http//www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/sustainabilitycont ext.aspus/sustainabilitycontext.asp)The sustainability structure is divided into 3 layer system-One tier-It comprises of senior members of committee that is the senior board of directors which handle the management of the company and also take care of the stake holders invoice and the company stake. It is also called as cooperate sustainability council .Middle tier -It is the back bone of the company as it handles all the sustainability initiatives like-1. To ensure the approved strategies are in action2. To purpose strategies, action plans, scoping of the report to the sustainability council.3. To develop plans to all the sector of the pigeonholings.4. Ensuring share of knowledge and capacity team structure among each sectors and observe and collecting data from each sector.Also known as the cooperate sustainability cell3. Third tier-The sector consists of a team of 8 to 10 members which collect all the data and analyze the data and monitoring the data.They are responsible for -1. Coordination between the sustainability council2. Differntiating the information with respect to the data collection of the core team collection.3. Ensuring all the complied data with respect to the sustainability initiatives including the G.R.I UNIT.This tier is also known as sustainability champions(http//www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra%20CSR%202009-10/sustainabilityHYPERLINK http//www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/sustainabilitystructure.aspHYPERLINK http//www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/sustainabilitystructure.aspus/sustainabilitystructure.asp)There are certain factors which are touch the company and its business in the market. Those factors are-Political factorsThe political factors which are modify the company is that participation of the employees of the company in political parties that is the company does not allow itself in the battle of any political party but it allows its employees to participate which is a wrong process it makes the image of the company as the employer is representing the company when he or she is dynamic in the political violence or non violence activities this would affect the company s reputation and also the affairs in the market. Few factors related to the effort are-100%fdi polityChange in taxation policySubsidy from loans of government.Regaining dynamism a key goal of eleventh quintuple year plan.(http//www.slideshare.net/sitansusekharsahu/strategic-analysis-of-mahindra)2.Economical factors- Economic factors means utilisation of the resources in the fullest so as there is no wastage of resources while producing the mathematical product but there were various causes affecting the economical conditions of the company ,increasing constitute of raw material is the biggest threat for the company and also the regulatory norms imposed to safe guard the environment ,fuel efficiency slight use of more smoking vehicles ,volatility in fin ancial market, escalation of raw material market, effect of the supply chain in the market are few causes affecting the economic stability of the company.Social factors-Socially the company works for different group to promote its brand and to create a good image in the market so as people see the company in good reason the company goes hand in hand to fulfil its social responsibleness for the economy and also the everyday business responsibilityThe company gives 1% of the after tax profit to the CSR (cooperate social responsibility) group which is the group created by the Mahindra and Mahindra company to tending the people around them and to boost up the economy and give other people a new chance.The initiative of the group created is to abet the disadvantaged section of the society and the company, like people who are uneducated help them to educate and people who are good in something improve their skills and help them to boost up in the world they are in and gain confidence i n themselves.They created another group called ECOPS that is a group of employers social responsibility group in which the employee is benefitted in it that is the employer kids and family are made to get educated and given work to do and their children are send to schools where they study and are made to things they like to do .The CSR group also helps the people to give them financial support and also give the shelter who dont have shelter and also the group keeps in touch with the nongovernmental organisation to help people, they come up organisations to save girl child and mid day meals in school and to their employees to keep them riant ,helping flooded areas in India and also helping the crippled people and cochlear people so to promote the brand of the company and help the country socially and economically .(http//www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra%20CSR%202009-10/sustainabilityHYPERLINK http//www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/social responsibility.aspHYPERLINK http//www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/socialresponsibility.aspus/socialresponsibility.asp)4. Technological factor-New technology can create new products and new innovations in the market and also it helps in reducing the cost of the product and also it helps in getting a new product launched in the market to become the leader in the market, Sometimes the new technologies in the industry leads to reduce in the life cycle of the product . The factors affecting the production due to new technology are-new innovation in the technology or continuous innovation n the technologyrenewable energy development(http//www.slideshare.net/sitansusekharsahu/strategic-analysis-of-mahindra)5. Environmental factors-The environmental factors of the company matter the company a lot as the company depends on the environment of the company and also the environment outside the company as the company uses the go green policy that is less use of carbon producing products so as it does not disturb the social and economic environment of the country and the place they are working in .the products produced in the company are made n such a way that the environment is also safe and less of carbon monoxide is produced from the commodities they are producing for the consumer and the product does not harm the consumer .the company s initiative is on green building and alternative fuel front. They are focussing on green building and fuel efficient products for the consumers and energy efficient products.(http//www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra%20CSR%202009-10/sustainabilityHYPERLINK http//www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/environmentresp.aspHYPERLINK http//www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/environmentresp.aspus/environmentresp.asp)6. Legal factors-As the company is globally situated and work in different countries so legal changes occurrence in the worl d or in the other parts and also in the country can affect the company a lot. There are certain legal changes which have happened in recent years in the economy globally and have affected various firms globally. the legal systems can affect the cost of the product and also the production of the product produced by the company .the legal system can also affect the demand of the product produced by the company. To avoid various problems the company has accepted various factors to go through legal systems like-collaboration with government in various shapes of policy uncouth policybank system policy(http//www.slideshare.net/sitansusekharsahu/strategic-analysis-of-mahindra)

To the Editor :: Weapons Mass Destruction War Essays

To the Editor There is I1 no proof of weapons of weapons of mass destruction, and little substantial evidence that ibn Talal Hussein Hussein Supported Al Qaeda. For the last year and one half, George W. Bush and his administration have told us about Iraqs vast production of biological weapons and how Iraq was supporting Al Qaeda, but wheres the proof. I2 The two main reasons the United States invaded Iraq were because, of stock piles of weapons and Saddam Husseins link to Al Qaeda . Lets start with the weapons of mass destruction. There were I3 several satellite photos pictureing buildings that were suspected to be making chemicals for germ warfare and other various chemical weapons. These photos show only buildings and no other proof that Iraq was making these bombs. The U.S. still had the United Nations weapons inspectors investigate these findings and report them to the Security Council. The U.N.s Chief weapons inspector Hans Blix Reported in that respect was not significant evidence from ariel photos to prove there were any chemical weapons. Hans Blix said himself, If I had solid evidence that Iraq retained weapons of mass destruction or were constructing such weapons I would have taken it to the Security Council. Shortly after these findings were reported, President Bush prepared a speech accusing Baghdad of building such weapons. This shows before the U.S. even went to war in Iraq , there was little to no evidence to invade Iraq, at least because of weapons of mass destruction. I4 To this date, the U.S. has not put up any substantial evidence to support its I5 actions in Iraq. In April of 2003 shortly after the invasion started, semi trailers were seized near Baghdad. The trailers were suspected to be portable labs to produce biological warfare agents. The trailers and their contents were soon tested to see weather they had any of the five main biological warfare agents. All tests were returned discon firming of these chemical agents. As this shows, there is I6 no proof of weapons of mass destruction, even after the U.S. had invaded and occupied Iraq for the last year and a half.

Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant :: essays research papers

English Essay - Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant&8216To what extent are Ezra and collect the victims and/or the heroes of the novel?&8217I think Ezra and cliff are both victims and heroes of the novel. Both looking after the family, especially Ezra always thinking about everyone. further they both get taunted by the people around them, Ezra is teased and put d deliver by Cody and Pearl just seems to be picked on by everyone in the family.Pearl is heroic in the way that she has kept the family together even after Beck leaves. Her salary at the grocery gets the family finished with(predicate). She would seem like a &8216 puss&8217 to her kids but I guess all the hardships she has gone through could make-up for her bursts of anger now and then. For example when Pearl sees jennet staring at a nice dress on a girl when they were at church, which undoubtedly Pearl could not afford. Pearl at the dinner table starts blasting jennet then Cody jumps into it. This shows that Pearl is vic timised but at the same time shows strength so is heroic. The burdens of three children without the support of her husband, Beck, constitutes to her heroism. Pearl has moved from berth to bespeak losing friends and relatives, only to come to an unfamiliar t knowledge where her husband decides to leave. Pearl refuses help from anyone, this depicts her strong points and still thinks Beck will return from his business trip. her strongwilled mind aids her and her family through life&8217s most troublesome tasks.Ezra is quite of the more hero I think but still being victimised by his own mother, Pearl and brother, Cody. Being so kind hearted and always the favourite out his borther and sister Ezra leaves himself vulnerable to the &8216attacks&8217 of Cody and Pearl. Cody has always teased Ezra, for example the time when anyone complemented Ezra, Cody would lash congest saying the very opposite. It seems that most of the families problem would rest on Ezra. Ezra would show the most her oism out of everyone. He was the one that kept the family together ofter Cody and jenny ass left.Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant essays research papers English Essay - Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant&8216To what extent are Ezra and Pearl the victims and/or the heroes of the novel?&8217I think Ezra and Pearl are both victims and heroes of the novel. Both looking after the family, especially Ezra always thinking about everyone. only they both get taunted by the people around them, Ezra is teased and put down by Cody and Pearl just seems to be picked on by everyone in the family.Pearl is heroic in the way that she has kept the family together even after Beck leaves. Her salary at the grocery gets the family through. She would seem like a &8216 cunt&8217 to her kids but I guess all the hardships she has gone through could make-up for her bursts of anger now and then. For example when Pearl sees jenny staring at a nice dress on a girl when they were at church, which undoubtedly Pearl could not afford. Pearl at the dinner table starts blasting Jenny then Cody jumps into it. This shows that Pearl is victimised but at the same time shows strength so is heroic. The burdens of three children without the support of her husband, Beck, constitutes to her heroism. Pearl has moved from place to place losing friends and relatives, only to come to an unfamiliar town where her husband decides to leave. Pearl refuses help from anyone, this depicts her strong points and still thinks Beck will return from his business trip. her strongwilled mind aids her and her family through life&8217s most troublesome tasks.Ezra is quite of the more hero I think but still being victimised by his own mother, Pearl and brother, Cody. Being so kind hearted and always the favourite out his borther and sister Ezra leaves himself vulnerable to the &8216attacks&8217 of Cody and Pearl. Cody has always teased Ezra, for example the time when anyone complemented Ezra, Cody would lash okay sayin g the very opposite. It seems that most of the families problem would rest on Ezra. Ezra would show the most heroism out of everyone. He was the one that kept the family together ofter Cody and Jenny left.