Blauner Hypothesis Essay

Disucussion on the Noel and Blauner Hypotheses When two distinct groups first come into contact with each other, the conditions of that meeting can determine the fate and mold the relations of the two groups for generations. This is called the â€Å"Contact Situation.† Donald Noel and Robert Blauner have analyzed this initial contact and developed hypotheses that aid in the understanding of this phase of the inter-group relations. Donald Noel and Robert Blauner The Noel hypothesis recognizes that there are three segments to the contact situation, that when working together, lead to some sort of inequality between the groups. The hypothesis states: If two or more groups come together in a contact situation characterized by ethnocentrism, competition and a difference in power, then some form of racial or ethnic stratification will result (Noel, 1968, p. 163). In other words, if the contact situation contains all three of the situations, ethnocentrism, competition, and a difference in power, then some sort of dominant-minority social structure will be created. Ethnocentrism is defined as the tendency to judge other groups, societies or lifestyles by the standard of one’s own culture (Healy, 1999, p. 175). At some level, ethnocentrism is a necessary part of human culture. Without it, people would tend to not obey laws, social norms or work with others in every day life. Ethnocentrism can also create a negative effect. At the extreme end of it, it can create the view that other cultures are not only different, but are also inferior. When ethnocentrism exists at any level, most people follow group lines and tend to differentiate between â€Å"us† and â€Å"them† (Healy, 1999, p. 175) Competition is a struggle over a scarce commodity (Healy, 1999, p 175), and usually leads to prejudice and discrimination. In contact situations, the dominant group is the one that come out on top of the competition. Competition can be over anything that is desired by either group, or what one group has that other wants. The dominant group serves its own interests by ending the competition and exploiting, controlling, eliminating or dominating the minority group (Healy, 1999 p.176). Differential in power is the third component in a contact situation. There are three things that can determine the differential of power: the size of the group, the organizational skills, and group leadership skills, and the controlling of resources. A larger, better organized group with more resources will generally be able to impose its will on the minority group (Healy,1999, p.176). The Blauner hypothesis, analyzed in his book Racial Oppression in America (1972), identifies two other types of contact situations, colonization and immigration. Blauner’s hypothesis states â€Å"minority groups created by colonization will experience more intense prejudice, racism, and discrimination than those created by immigration. Furthermore, the disadvantaged status of colonized groups will persist longer and be more difficult to overcome than the disadvantaged status faced by groups created by immigration† (Blauner, 1972). Colonized minority groups such as African Americans are usually forced into minority status. The status is forced upon them by the military and political powers wielded by the majority group. One example is the slave status. Colonized minorities have virtually no chance for assimilation and are typically identified by highly visible physical characteristics. Most immigrant minority groups have some semblance of control over where they are immigrating to. For this reason, they usually keep enough of their culture and resources to help them achieve that which they strive for. While immigrants will face problems trying to assimilate, they usually have a better chance than those that have been colonized. Works Cited â€Å"Bob Blauner.† Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Blauner. Licinio, J., and Ma-Li Wong. Biology of Depression: from Novel Insights to Therapeutic Strategies. Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 2005.

Plants

Plants begin their lives in the form of seeds. The embryo inside the seed is considered as the next sexual generation of plants. Seed germination is an important phase in plant's life. Successful seed germination is vital in every reproducing species in order to perpetuate itself. By definition seed germination is when the dry seeds shed from its parent plant, takes up water and is completed when the embryonic root visibly emerges through the outer structure of the seed (seed coat) (Hasanuzzaman et., al. 2013). Bewley (1997) described that it includes different events that commence with the uptake of water by the quiescent dry seed and terminate with the elongation of the embryonic axis. The visible sign that germination is complete is usually the penetration of the structures surrounding the embryo by the radicle (radicle protrusion). Several authors had reported the importance of germination in the life cycle of plant. According to Hubbard et., al (2012) this stage in the life cycle of the plant is considered as a critical event as germination is the first step in determining the survival rate of the crop thereby affecting its productivity. Meanwhile Donohue et., al. (2010) reported that seed germination is an important developmental phase change in the plant life cycle, which plays critical roles in seedlings establishment and consequently in environmental adaptation. The process of seed germination involves several complex processes and activation of the seeds metabolic pathways which eventually leads to the emergence of newly grown generation of plants. Many of the specific biochemical and physiological processes which characterize germinating seeds, particularly those occurring in storage organs, are special during this stage (Bewley and Black 1994). Knowledge of the germination process and of the seedling establishment and development, involving morphological, physiological, biochemical as well as molecular mechanisms and features is of essential importance for taxonomic, ecological and agronomic studies of certain plants. There are several different gene expression that underlies plant development, the relative specificity of these processes suggests that distinct gene sets are activated and repressed during this stage. The reaction between activation of essential enzymes, sequential release of hormones and the energy relations of the process during seed germination are very significant in understanding the appropriate establishment of plant for its adaptation. Identifying these genes and defining mechanisms involved in regulating their expression will aid in understanding the control of germination-specific mechanisms. This review will provide an overview on the mechanism of gene expression in mainly in angiosperm plant. The different genes expressed in embryos and seedlings will also be tackled A brief description of on the hormonal changes and hormonal balance that triggers or promotes gene expression during germination is also discussed in this paper.

Payroll Accounting Essay

I visited Cabela’s on friends and family night, so I observed their internal controls. I also asked my inside source of their internal controls that are not seen on the sales floor. My source provided me with Cabela’s Business Code and Ethics which clearly states: â€Å"All Outfitters are required to; appropriately manage and safeguard Cabela’s assets, ensure their efficient use, and ensure they are used for legitimate business purposes; maintain complete, accurate, and timely financial records related to their area of responsibility; assure the integrity of all Cabela’s books, records, and accounting practices.† Each new employee must read this booklet, and then sign their name stating that they read and are in compliance with what it outlines. Outfitters are required to cooperate with reason to any legal and governmental requests, inspections, and investigations. Some of the internal controls that I observed were computerized inventory, all Outfit ters with headsets, authorized personnel only in stockrooms, authorized personnel to check gun sells and gun buy backs, and high end merchandise not being handed over until paid for. When I was there I noticed some of the larger products were starting to run low, so I asked my source how they know if there were any more in stock without having to go to the stockroom. She said they have computerized inventory, so all she would have to do is put the UPC in the database. Then she would know right then if they were anymore or if they would have to place an order for the product. This leads to why every Outfitter having their own headset, once she finds out if there are more she just has to call over the headset to a recovery team member. The reason she has to call to the recovery team is because they are the only ones allowed in the stockroom. This cuts down on internal theft, helps with inventory, and audits. With this type of control when something is out of place whether that is merchandise or finance recordings it is easier to pin point the misstep. Another internal control that I was able to observe was high end merchandise is never released to a customer until the final transaction is complete. While there I overheard a customer asking for an expensive pair of  sunglasses in the gift shop section, the Outfitter got the sunglasses, took the gentleman’s name and told him they would be at register two when he was ready to check out. This helps with two things, theft being the biggest factor but also with the front registers being the only places non-specialized merchandise is purchased it cuts down on multiple closing records. I say non-specialized merchandise because guns of any type must be purchased at the register in the gun library. Which brings in the last internal control that I was able to observe; when a gun of any kind whether it be a small hand gun to a hunting rifle, not only is it purchased at the gun library but an authorized personnel called a gun runner carries the gun and escorts the customer to the exit door. Cabela’s also has an authorized person standing at the exit doors that has been told via headset that a gun runner with x-amount of guns is heading his way. He is also authorized to check and lock guns being brought into Cabela’s for buy back. After he puts a lock on it he then calls for a gun runner to come get the gun, carry it, and escort the customer to the gun library. With everything I observed and was told by my source, Cabela’s leaves no holes in their internal workings, from merchandise to keeping with their finance records. I would say they are doing something right because this is one of the few companies that have not had their name ran through â€Å"media mud† due to fraud.

Survey letter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Survey letter - Research Paper Example In order to express my heartfelt gratitude, I hereby enclose a gift certificate of MacDonald’s. Please enjoy with my complements. Attached, you will find a brief questionnaire concerning your business, and a self-addressed stamped envelope. Please return the survey no later than (August 15, 2014) so that i can complete my project on time. 3. What are the average net profits of Central Coast Wines in dollars or percent of sales after computing the overhead costs such as rent, administration, and inventory? (Use more than†¦.or less than†¦.in answering). Are these profits for one owner, or do they split between two or more partners? 7. Which brand is your best selling wine, and in what average quantities does it sell, per day, per week, and per year? What level of competition does this brand stand against other competitors’ products in the market – competitive advantage? 10. What chain of distribution does the company use in getting its products to the right market? Does the distribution channel have many intermediaries? Do these intermediaries affect the utility of the product, such as in price, place, and time

Buyer behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Buyer behaviour - Assignment Example The report has been prepared to focus the purchasing behaviour of the user for the Samsung products. Samsung is an international conglomerate company, which was founded in 1938 and is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. The product portfolio of the company comprise of apparel, medical equipments, electronic components, telecommunications equipment, consumer electronics, ships and semiconductors. Samsung also provides wide range of services such as financial services, advertising, health care and medical services, retail, hospitality, entertainment and construction services (Samsung, 2015). The psychological and sociological drivers of consumer behaviour will be assessed through the marketing analysis of Samsung by using different theories and models. Further, the impact of the marketing mix components on the decision-making process of the consumers will also be taken into consideration for the purpose of this report. The customers of Samsung are grouped on the basis of geographic, demographic and psychographic segmentation. According to geographic segmentation, Samsung is targeting the Chinese and Indian market as a priority and then focusing on other regions. According to demographic segmentation, age does not really matter for the Samsung products and it offers its services and goods for all the family sizes. The company targets the customers of middle, upper middle as well as higher class individuals. The company has segmented the customer into three different categories such as teachers and students, self employed and businessman. On the psychographic segmentation basis, Samsung is targeting the users based on their personality as well as lifestyle (Clow and Baack, 2011). Exposure: Mainly perception starts with exposure towards stimuli. Exposure occurs when stimuli come within any of the following senses such as touch, smell, vision, taste and hearing. It has been

Justice System Position Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Justice System Position - Research Paper Example However, with the passage of time the intensity of the crime committed by juvenile increased which lead to the shift in the focus of the justice system. The justice system shifted its focus from rehabilitation to punishment. This shift in focus has initiated the debate of what the focus of Juvenile Justice System should be. While many are of the opinion that this shift in focus is just, I believe the focus of juvenile justice system should be rehabilitation and not retribution. Many individuals and groups of society believe that the threat of harsher punishment would help in decreasing the rate of juvenile crime. While it may be true if approached from one aspect but the other side of the coin indicates very different and adverse result of this approach. According to a study conducted by the North-eastern University in 1996 on juvenile recidivism, the treat of harsher sentences like that of adult has done little to decrease the juvenile crime rate. Reason for supporting rehabilitation as the focus of juvenile justice system is the belief that children being young still have the potential and ability to change. Children are what the surrounding circumstances have shaped them to be. If treated with proper care, there is a very less chance that they will not change. Saving children is easy because they are young and not fully matured in their thinking. It is necessary to save these children so that they make a better part of the society in the future. Rehabilitation through its various approaches and programs has a better capability to save these children’s than punishment. Rehabilitation through its various programs like Youth Outreach Service (YOS) focuses on assessing mental health of the youth. These programs aim to provide the youth with immediate assistance regarding the mental and emotional problems caused by the trauma youth faced thus saving helping to save the child. It is because of this focus on psychological improvement

Business analysis of an artist's career Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business analysis of an artist's career - Essay Example The Eagles Band has remained active in Music Business for the periods of 1971-1980 and from 1994 to present. They have worked under the Labels of Asylum, Geffen Records, Lost Highway, Universal and collaborated on business ventures with Poco, The Flying Burrito Brothers, Dillard & Clark, James Gang.The band consists of Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Joe Walsh and Timothy B. Schmit.Some of the Band’s former member’s include Don Felder, Randy Meisner and Bernie Leadon. The American Rock Band is a very successful business venture in terms of strategy and revenues and originates from in California.The Band currently boasts of five Number 1 singles and four Number 1 albums.The band gained immense popularity in the 1970s and its album was rated number 37 on the Rolling Stone list "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time".The business success of the band also reflects the fact that the band was ranked number 75 on Rolling Stone's 2004 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The Alb um â€Å"Their Greatest Hits 1971–1975† has been their most profitable business venture to date.Since its break up in the eighties, the band does not make any new albums but tours together often. However this year in 2007 they have released their first album in three decades called the Long Road out of Eden and it is currently on of UK’s top 40 Albums.The first album, Eagles, was one of the Top 40 singles of its era. Rolling Stone magazine's 2003 list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" ranked Eagles at number 374.... History of business ventures: Success and Failure. The first album, Eagles, was one of the Top 40 singles of its era.. Rolling Stone magazine's 2003 list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" ranked Eagles at number 374.The next album , Desperado, an experimental venture in conceptual song writing did not match the success of their former work and the Album only did business in the U.S pop charts ,with only two major hits.The third venture ,On the Border involved Henley and Frey's wish to employ a new business strategy and move towards hard rock. They had a change of producers from Glyn Johns to Bill Szymczyk for this purpose.The venture proved successful and this Album yielded a lot of profits with the Eagles' becoming the first of five chart toppers. The next album (One of These Nights) was a further experiment in hard rock and the business collaboration between Henley/Frey as lyricists was getting stronger as the album received a hit No. 1 on the Billboard chart in 1975.2However this new business strategy ultimately cost the band its unity as the hiring of Don Felder meant that Leadon's role was being underplayed.In 1976 with the release of "Their Greatest Hits (1971-1975)"(29 million copies sold),the band prepared for yet another phenomenal success with " Hotel California", which was also an instant hit on the Billboard in 1977.The single " Hotel California" was a major source of profits and royalties for the band in the years to come as since its release it has appeared on several lists of the best albums of all time.This album remains to date their best-selling studio album, with over 16 million copies sold within America..3 The late 70's saw the disintegration of this phenomenal band

Child Behavior Checklist Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Child Behavior Checklist - Assignment Example It serves as the younger counterpart of adult research study approaches, which mostly deals with adult-focused psychological conditions. Thus, it tends to focus on the conditions more specific to children and young adults, and the foreseen status are acted upon in accordance with outcomes of the assessment.The improvements made were important in addressing several factors. The revised version of CBCL, as explained by Hersen (2004), has been part of an extensive screening program and included the teaching rating (TRF) and self-report (YSR). These were devised to accomplish more understanding of the mental conditions of children. In turn, it gives emphasis to the roles played by parents and other environmental influences in determining possibilities of mental conflicts in children. Despite concerns about the consistency of the discussed screening tool, several adaptations yielded affirmative results. Currently, newer versions were introduced in 2001, with modifications on age divisions for specific scales. New specifications have been added, which replaced subjects that either have been overlooked or neglected by previous design. Furthermore, the empirical-based assessment is combined with Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM)-oriented measurements—ensuring a wide support from professional behavioral scientists and experts. In retrospect, Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) is a 15-20 minute child administered measurement based on parent’s account.

American Cultural Mythologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Cultural Mythologies - Essay Example For instance, Truth peruses the New Testament and the story of the birth of Jesus Christ through Virgin Mary as a strong proof of the capacity and superiority of women when compared to men. Though she did not claim this superiority in such exact words, her general point is that women were treated highly even in the scriptures, whereas their status in real society is much diminished. This essay will argue that what is common between the two speeches is their passionate tone, sincerity and compelling necessity; and while Douglass’ speech is marked by its detailed analysis and sobriety, Truth’s is full of wit, humor and insight. Douglass begins his speech by highlighting the virtues of the Founding Fathers and their thrust for independence from the British Crown. He notes that the idea of attempting to establish sovereignty by breaking away from the British command was indeed very brave and revolutionary. Having identified and praised what is meritorious about the short hi story of the American nation, Douglass then declares how these achievements are offset by a perennial negative feature of American society – namely black slavery. Douglass’ tone is one of deliberate and measured rationality and inquiry. He punctuates his speech with numerous historical references that justify his plea of equality for blacks. Truth’s originality lies in invoking a very well known Biblical event and interpreting it in a novel way. It accounts for its immediate appeal and affect on the audience – which comprised of both men and women. The following passage shows how Truth had adopted Christian Evangelical rhetorical style in her own delivery â€Å"Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man — when I could get it — and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman?  I have borne thirteen children, an d seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but  Jesus  heard me! And ain't I a woman?† (Truth, 1851) The contexts in which the two speeches were made help evaluate their merits. Frederick Douglass delivered his speech a decade before the onset of the Civil War – a time when blacks did not even have the nominal status of freedom. An overwhelming majority of the community is slaves and led a harsh and laborious life. For this reason, Douglass declares, the Fourth of July is a day of celebration for ‘you’ (White Americans) and not ‘us’ (Black Americans). The condition of the black community in America has not seen any improvement in the eight decades of independence that has preceded the date of his speech. Douglass is quite right in feeling about his community this way. There is no reason for rejoicing for his community till they win civil rights on par with that of white Americans. Though Douglass was addressing a predominantly white audience, there were no major disruptions during the delivery of his speech. This is in part attributable to the rhetorical technique he employed. He first wins over the trust and confidence of his audience by talking about their merits and achievements. This way, the audience is accepting and attentive to what he is saying. Then he takes the oration to a different path, namely that of the plight of black Americans in relation to the freedoms enjoyed by white Americans: â€Å"

Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Presentation - Essay Example He demonstrates this by pulling a trick on the people using himself as the test for his antidote. Through an earlier worked out plan, he gets an accomplice to provide a poisonous snake that has had its venom drawn and fakes being poisoned by the bite of this snake. He goes through the throes of poisoning, only to survive when everyone has given him up for dead. This convinces the gullible onlookers of the potency of his poison antidote and there is a rush for purchasing it. Among these gullible customers are the marines and admiral of a visiting cruiser. It is during this episode that Blacaman the Bad comes in contact with a poor boy for whom he develops a fancy, because he has a face of an idiot. He pays the father of the boy and takes him under his wing. From then on the boy is a part of the fancy world of deceiving gullible people, assisting his mentor in the deceptions. The boy expresses a desire to be a soothsayer, but is found to be of no use, as he is incapable of delivering credible prophesies, and so he is put back to work at assisting his mentor in creating various devices of supposedly incredible capabilities. However, bad times soon fall on Blacaman the Bad and his incredible devices and potions are no longer selling. Blacaman the Bad decides to return the worthless boy back to his father and get his money back. Before he can execute this further misfortune falls on Blacaman the Bad. The admiral, who had bought the useless antidote for poisons, dies attempting to demonstrate its potency like Blacaman the Bad did. The marines return looking for Blacaman the bad to wreck vengeance, and so Blacaman the Bad flees with his protà ©gà ©. This flight puts them in a desolate land in which they almost die of hunger. Believing that all his misfortune is due to the boy he has taken under his wing, he puts him in a dungeon and tortures him and does not give him

Incremental Advances in WTO Negotiations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Incremental Advances in WTO Negotiations - Essay Example Agricultural Export Subsidies and Cotton The final declaration requires elimination of agricultural export subsidies by 2013, a date agreed to the European Union (EU). The EU is important to be considered here as it accounts for about 90 percent of such spending. The US along with the developing countries were thinking on lines of 2010 as a deadline as they believed it could suffice better progress. The declaration requires elimination of export subsidies on cotton maximum by 2006. this issue is particularly important for West Africa. The U.S. Congress is likely to repeal U.S. cotton export subsidies already, in order to come in line with an adverse WTO dispute-settlement panel ruling. It would accord them duty-free, quota-free access to cotton from the lesser developed countries. However, this can practically only take effect once implementation starts on any final agreement reached in the Doha negotiations. It states as an objective that any negotiated cuts in domestic support spending for cotton farmers in countries that have such programs would have to go deeper and be put into practice faster than any other domestic agricultural subsidy cuts. The U.S. delegation worked intensively with mediators from Burkina Faso, Benin, Mali, Chad and Senegal; countries that had threatened to block any Doha agreement without acceptable resolution of the cotton issue. Everyone wants to reduce subsidies and eventually eliminate subsides in agricultural goods, was the general impression at the conference. But here was the argument whether this should be true for all agriculture except cotton, or otherwise. Ultimately, cotton has finally been placed with the rest of its agriculture fraternity. Duty-Free, Quota-Free Market Access The declaration requires the provision of duty-free and quota-free market access for most products from the 32 least-developed countries by 2008 or no later than the start of the implementation period of any agreement. It requires such access for at least 97 percent of products as that fall in line with the tariff schedule. The United States had pressed for exceptions to duty-free, quota-free for specific products that already trade competitively on the global market. The United States has not decided on what products it might exclude from duty-free, quota-free treatment.Sugar may or may not be one possibility.Earlier in the week it was suggested that other possible exclusions, including certain competitive textile products from Bangladesh and Cambodia may be considered. The Doha negotiations have languished almost since they were launched in 2001, with an impasse over politically difficult agriculture issues blocking most other progress. By the end of 2006, they are scheduled to conclude a deadline of sorts for the United States, which has trade negotiating authority from Congress only until

Rsa Public Key Essay Example for Free

Rsa Public Key Essay Asymmetric algorithms rely on one key for encryption and a different but related key for decryption. These algorithms have the following important characteristics: †¢ It is computationally infeasible to determine the decryption key given only knowledge of the cryptographic algorithm and the encryption key. In addition, some algorithms, such as RSA, also exhibit the following characteristics: †¢ Either of the two related keys can be used for encryption, with the other used for decryption. A public key encryption scheme has six ingredients: †¢ Plaintext: This is readable message or data that is fed into the algorithm as input. †¢ Encryption algorithm: The encryption algorithm performs various transformations on the plaintext. †¢ Public and private key: This is a pair of keys that have been selected so that if one is used for encryption, the other is used for decryption. The exact transformations performed by the algorithm depend on the public or private key that is provided as input. †¢ Cipher text: This is the scrambled message produced as output. It depends on the plaintext and the key. For a given message, two different keys will produce two different cipher texts. †¢ Decryption algorithm: This algorithm accepts the ciphertext and the matching key and produces the original plaintext. The essential steps are as the following: . Each user generates a pair of keys to be used for the encryption and decryption of messages. 2. Each user places one of the two keys in a public register or the other accessible file. This is the public key. The companion key is kept private. As figure suggests, each user maintains a collection of public keys obtained from others. 3. If Bob wishes to send a confidential message to Alice, Bob encrypts the message using Alice’s public key.

The key issues surrounding contemporary immigration

The key issues surrounding contemporary immigration The subject of immigration has become increasingly important over the past decade. Immigration has always raised questions about positive and negative effects on the native population. Nowadays inhabitants are more and more afraid about losing control over their own country and losing typical historical values. As (Weiner, 1996) wrote: â€Å" the consequences of opening the borders of a country in extreme situations can be erosion of the institutions and values that liberal societies have created for themselves and which make them attractive to outsiders†. This essay will therefore discuss key issues of immigration into the United Kingdom such as economic issues, including employment, society and social issues such as crime, integration and racism. It has been argued that immigrants play an important role to develop the economy by taking certain low paid jobs which the native population decline to take. Examples could include jobs in the construction industry, catering and domestic services. Moreover immigrants compensate skill shortages in the United Kingdom. They take jobs in the health service such as nurses and doctors. Not surprisingly 30% of doctors and more than 10% of nurses working in national health services and private companies are non-UK born. Other jobs being filled with overseas staff include teaching and jobs in the IT industry. Due to a shortage of trained IT staff, a further 50,000 people need to be recruited by the end of 2009 to make up the gap of unskilled workforce (Glover, 2001). The British government therefore runs a number of different programmes like the work permit system and the highly skilled migrant programme to animate agencies and companies to recruit highly skilled workers from outside the Euro pean Economic Area (McLaughlan and Salt, 2002). However there are fears that if immigrants integrate into the employment market, they may become a competition for native employees. More people are applying for fewer jobs which may lead to rising tension between natives and immigrants (Angenendt, 1999). When an immigrant takes up a job, be it low paid or high skilled, he will then possibly send a substantial part of his wages back to his home country. The domestic British economy loses a considerable amount of money this way which might be, even if only lightly, damaging. An increasing number of immigrants looking for low skilled jobs results in more difficulties for natives to obtain a job and may diminish the wages they can get (Coleman, 2004). Further research shows that more needs to be done to control immigration in order to avoid competition between natives and immigrants and to fill those jobs that cant be filled with natives because of a lag of skill. It is suggested by Angenendt(1999) that one of the key issues of immigration after unemployment, that the United Kingdom faced today, is crime. Tackling Fraud including both ‘people trafficking, where someone is brought to the United Kingdom, and ‘people smuggling where someone is transport to international borders to a non-official entry point for different reasons. This organised immigration crime is a growth industry and cost the United Kingdom millions of pounds each year (Secure Borders, Safe Haven: Integration with Diversity in Modern Britain, 2002). Smugglers are often paid huge amounts of money to bring refugees, who are trying to escape prosecution, hunger or poverty, into the United Kingdom. However, the British government has taken many steps to prevent the growth and to fight trafficking, including the strengthening of the law and the use of new technologies to identify illegal entrance into the United Kingdom (Fekete, 2009). Unfortunately those actions make d esperate people turn to smugglers. The way refugees are being treated by the smugglers led to death by poison, suffocation and hypothermia. How careless and ruthless traffickers are, was sadly shown by the 58 Chinese who suffocated in the back of a refrigerated lorry which was trying to enter the United Kingdom in Dover (Fekete, 2009). The next important issue is crime committed by foreigners and racism. Due to cultural differences and often simply habits, many immigrants misbehave or break the law. They carry knifes because they used to do that in the country of origin and now keep on doing it. In the time between 2003 and 2004 the arrests made for drink driving rose from 57 to 966 in the county of Cambridgeshire. All of the arrested people were of a foreign nationality (Attewill, page 1 2007). The capital London has also seen an increase in the crimes committed. There has been a 35% rise in the total number of crimes committed by Poles in the time between January and June 2007, compared to the same period a year earlier. In the first half year of 2007 Jamaicans committed 28 sex offences followed by Indians,27 and Pakistani, 25 (Harper and Leapman, page 1, 2007). To stop organised crime the government has formed a new elite squad of investigators. The UK-wide Serious Organised Crime Agency will use world-class hi-tech,-financial experts and 21th century technology to track down Crime bosses and prevent them from drug trafficking, people smuggling, fraud and money laundering (Homeoffice press release, 2004). The metropolitan police announced the arrest of two people on suspicion of murder of a 15-year old teenager in January 2009. The coloured teenager who has been identified as Steven Lewis was stabbed to death in Londons East end (Telegraph.co.uk, 2009). Refugee-Week is a UK-wide program of educational and cultural events to celebrate the contributions of refugees to the United Kingdom. Events like this aim at a better understanding between communities so that attacks on foreign people, such as the attacks on Romanians and Roma in Belfast in the first half of 2009, will not happen again (Leicester Mercury, 2009). The few people that are actu ally willing to help the victims of racism and discrimination are often attacked themselves. Paddy Meehan received a death threat after he was trying to help his neighbours in the aftermath of the racial attack against his Romanian nearby-residents. Mr Meehan gives a good example and sad he will not give up on helping those targeted by racism (BelfastTelegraph, 2009). A better education of the culture of the host country and greater tolerance from the natives for foreign cultures are the right steps on the way forward to reduce immigrant related crimes. The large number of immigrants coming into the United Kingdom is bringing their own background and different culture, as discussed earlier. So does immigration imply integration? In order to speed up integration the immigrant should have knowledge of the language spoken in the country he is entering. Reading and writing skills enable access to the labour market and educational systems (Voicu,2009). On the other hand inhabitants of the host country need to show tolerance and openness, an understanding of the advantages and challenges that go along with a multicultural society. Traditions and cultures need to be respected by both, the natives and the immigrants. Both should have a basic knowledge of each others culture and habits in order to avoid confrontations, misunderstandings and to make life in a community easier and more enjoyable (Voicu,2009). Unfortunately building a community that includes both, natives and immigrants, isnt easy. The large scale in which migrants have come to the United Kingdom in the last two decades often led to the existence of communities with the same previous cultural identity. The resulting separation of natives and immigrants, so called ‘ghettoisation is regarded as threatening by many native Britons. The extend of ‘ghettoisation is so big that many parts of the United Kingdom are seen as exclusively ‘owned by immigrant communities. Ethnic segregation is also transferred into the classroom. In the London borough of Tower Hamlets, 17 schools had more than 90 per cent Bangladeshi pupils. This separation clearly did not result from the school choice of the parents but from the residential segregation (Buofino, 2007). A greater tolerance, open mind and interest in other cultures as well as the knowledge of different languages would mean a big step forward to the complete integration of immigrants into the British Society. The institutions, values and a thriving economy always made the United Kingdom an attractive country for outsiders. Only in the last decade, with opening its borders, a sharp increase in the number of migrants was noticeable. The impact and effects this immigration has on the employment market, levels of crime and racism was therefore discussed in this essay. Outlining the achievements and work that has been done to integrate the migrants, as well as stating shortcomings in the integration process, leaves no question that yet more needs to be done to fully engage the immigrants into the British society. Bibliography Abdelmalek, S. (2004). The Suffering of the Immigrant. Cambridge: Polity Press Ltd. Angenendt, S. (1999). Asylum and Migration Policies in the European Union. Bonn: Europa Union Verlag. Attewill, F. (2007, September 19). Increased Immigration boosts knife crime and drink driving [Electronic version]. The Guardian. Retrieved November 20, 2009, from Guardian website: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/sep/19/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices Buonfino, A. (2007). Rethinking Immigration and Integration: a New Centre-Left Agenda. London: Policy Network. Coleman, D Rowthhorn, R. (2004, December). The Economic Effects of Immigration into United Kingdom. Population and Development Review, 30(4), 579-624. Retrieved November 21, 2009, from JSTOR database. Fekete, L. (2009). A Suitable Enemy: Racism, Migration and Islamophobia in Europe. London: Pluto Press. Glover, S. (2001). Migration: an economic and social analysis (Home Office Research Study 67).London: Home Office. Great Britain. Home Office. (2002). Secure Borders, Safe Haven. Norwich: HMSO. Great Britain. Home Office. (2004). New UK-Wide Organised Crime Agency Pooling Expertise To Track Down The Crime Bosses. London: HSMO. Harper, T. Leapman, B. (2007, September 23). Foreigners commit fifth of crime in London [Electronic version]. The Telegraph. Retrieved September 23, 2009, from Telegraph website: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1563890/Foreigners-commit-fifth-of-crime-in-London.html London stabbing victim named locally as 15-year-old Steven Lewis. (2009, January 25). [Electronic version]. The Telegraph. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from Telegraph website: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/4337459/London-stabbing-victim-named-locally-as-15-year-old-Steven-Lewis.html McCreary, M Smyth, L. (2009, August 18). Anti-racism campaigner receives firebomb threat. Belfast Telegraph, p. 12. Retrieved November 15, 2009, from the Nexis UK database. McLaughlan, G. Salt, J. (2002). Migration Policies toward Highly Skilled Foreign Workers (Report to the Home Office). Retrieved November 14, 2009, from the UK Home Office website: www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/migrationpolicies.pdf Voicu, A. (2009). Romanian Journal of European Affairs, 9(2). Retrieved November 20, 2009, from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1420055 Weiner, M. (1996). Ethics, national sovereignty and the control of immigration. International Migration Review, 30(1), 171-197 Self reflection on essay writing I have been asked to write an essay of about 1500 words. There were a number of titles to choose from. After careful consideration I decided to write about the ‘key issues surrounding contemporary immigration in a country of your choice. As I am an immigrant myself I decided to write about the immigration into The United Kingdom. Using the Portsmouth University Library, the libraries online databases and Journals as well as online newspaper articles I quickly found lots of sources and interesting materials to read and choose from. The most important issues for me, when talking about immigration, are employment crime and integration. Considering these core issues I filtered my sources. Even though the sources were plentiful I sometimes found it difficult to find this one specific paragraph that I needed to support the knowledge about immigration that I already had. Having heard, read and experienced what it feels like to be an immigrant myself I could quit easily find myself in many of the situations that the newspapers and books described. Taking this and the facts that I received from the materials found, I then tried to put everything into an engaging piece of work that would be enjoyable and interesting to read. Considering that this was my first essay and the first in a foreign language, I hope I didnt do too badly. Surely I learned a lot and will try to further improve the next essays that I will write.

Molecular cloning

Molecular cloning Abstract Molecular cloning is a method to produce quantities of a specific DNA segment. It contains an abundance of techniques including DNA transfer, DNA recombination, DNA sequencing and so on. Though this practical, restriction maps were draw for plasmid pMA and pMB by doing single and double digest, a pMB fragment digested with PstI was inserted to plasmid pUC19 and then transferred to host cells to have proliferation and expression, and the sequence of PstI digested pMB fragment was analysed. 1. Introduction Recombinant DNA molecules are molecules containing DNA sequences derived from more than one source. In molecular cloning, by using recombinant DNA, a specific combination of genes can be put into a carrier, and then can be proliferated and expressed in a recipient cell. In medicine, by making use of molecular cloning, scientists have successfully constructed engineering strains of insulin, growth hormone of human, cattle and chicken, human interferon, erythropoietin, antigen of hepatitis B virus and antigen of foot-and-mouth disease virus, and conducted a large-scale production by fermentation industry. In gene therapy, there is a possibility of reversing cancer cells to normal cells through genetic engineering, for example, mouse tumor cells caused by SV40 virus can reverse to normal cells at high temperature. Many chemical reagents such as acrylic acid, ethylene glycol, methanol, ethylene oxide and salicylic acid can possibly be produced by making use of molecular cloning. In environmental protection, people transfer genes of one microorganism into another through genetic manipulation to create new strains that are more capable of degrading harmful substances, in order to break down toxic substances in industrial waste.[1,2] Blue-White selection is a method for screening recombinant DNA. Vectors containing a ÃŽ ²-galactosidase gene (lacZ) can have a complementation (ÃŽ ±-complementation) with E.coli strain to form a functional ÃŽ ²-galactosidase enzyme. Neither vectors, nor host cells have the enzyme activity. The lacZ gene has an internal multiple cloning sites (MCS) which can be cut by different restriction enzymes. Therefore, when a gene fragment is inserted in the vector, the lacZ gene will be disrupted and cannot form active ÃŽ ²-galactosidase enzyme. X-gal can be metabolized by ÃŽ ²-galactosidase to gain a blue product. Therefore, in the presence of X-gal, DNA with no insert gene can display a blue colour, while recombinant DNA, which have no enzyme function, display a white colour.[3] The aim of the practical is to draw restriction maps of simple plasmids for recombinant DNA, do basic molecular cloning and sequence a DNA fragment. 2. Results Table 1: Antibiotic resistances of 5 E. coli strains LB/Ampicillin LB/Tetracycline LB/Kanamycin DH5a No growth No growth No growth pUC19 Grown No growth No growth pMA Grown Grown No growth pMB No growth Grown Grown XL1-Blue No growth Grown No growth DH5a: E. coli strain DH5a; pUC19: E. coli strain DH5a containing plasmid pUC19; pMA: E. coli strain DH5a containing plasmid pMA; pMB: E. coli strain DH5a containing plasmid pMB; XL1-Blue: E. coli strain XL1-Blue. NO. DNA Enzyme 1 pMA Bam HI 2 pMA XhoI 3 pMA PstI 4 pMA EcoRI 5 pMB Bam HI 6 pMB XhoI 7 pMB PstI 8 pMB EcoRI 9 Lambda marker 10 X174 marker NO. DNA Enzymes 1 pMA EcoRI, Bam HI 2 pMA EcoRI, PstI 3 pMA EcoRI, XhoI 4 pMA Bam HI, PstI 5 pMA Bam HI, XhoI 6 pMA PstI, XhoI 7 pMB EcoRI, Bam HI 8 pMB EcoRI, PstI 9 pMB EcoRI, XhoI 10 pMB Bam HI, PstI 11 pMB Bam HI, XhoI 12 pMB PstI, XhoI 13 Lambda marker 14 X174 marker 1 Lambda marker 2 Blue colony digested with PstI 3-7 White colonies digested with PstI 8 X174 marker gagtantagttcgccngttaatagtttgcgcaacgttgttgccattgctgcaggggggggggggaaagccacgttgtgtctcaaaatctctgatgttacattgcacaagataaaaatatatcatcatgaacaataaaactgtctgcttacataaacagtaatacaaggggtgttatgagccatattcaacgggaaacgtcttgctcgaggccgcgattaaattccaacatggatgctgatttatatgggtataaatgggctcgcgataatgtcgggcaatcaggtgcgacaatctatcgattgtatgggaagcccgatgcgccagagttgtttctgaaacatggcaaaggtagcgttgccaatgatgttacagatgagatggtcagactaaactggctgacggaatttatgcctcttccgaccatcaagcattttatccgtactcctgatgatgcatggttactcaccactgcgatccccgggaaaacagcattccaggtattagaagaatatcctgattcaggtgaaaatattgttgatgcgctggcagtgttcctgcgccggttgcattcgattcctgtttgtaattgtccttttaacagcgatcgcgtatttcgtctcgctcaggcgcaatcacgaatgaataacggtttggttgatgcgagtgattttgatgacgagcgtaatggctggcctgttgaacaagtctggaaagaaatgcataagcttttgccattctcaccggattcagtcgtcactcatggtgatttctcacttgatgaggttatttttgacgaggggaaattaataggttgtattgatgttggacgagtcggaatcgcagaccgataccaggatcttgctttttcaaaaatatggtattgataatcctgatatgaataaattgcagtttcatttgatgctcgatgagtttttttaatgagaattggttaattggttgtaacactggcagagcattacgctga cttgacgggacggcggctttgttgaataaatcgaacttttgctgagttgaaggatcagatcacgcatcttcccgacaacgcagaccgttccgtggcaaagcaaaagttcaaaatcaccaactggtccacctacaacaaagctctcatcaaccgtggctccctcactttctggctggatgatggggcgattcaggcctcaacgactgagtatggaccttcttcacgaggcagacctcagcgccccccccccccctgcaggca Enzyme No. of cuts Position of sites (bp) Recognition sequence PstI 2 52, 1243 ctgca/g XhoI 1 204 c/tcgag E X Stop F A X Stop _ F A Q R C C H C C R G G G E S H V V S Q N L Stop C Y I A Q D K N I S S Stop T I K L S A Y I N S N T R G V M S H I Q R E T S C S R P R L N S N M D A D L Y G Y K W A R D N V G Q S G A T I Y R L Y G K P D A P E L F L K H G K G S V A N D V T D E M V R L N W L T E F M P L P T I K H F I R T P D D A W L L T T A I P G K T A F Q V L E E Y P D S G E N I V D A L A V F L R R L H S I P V C N C P F N S D R V F R L A Q A Q S R M N N G L V D A S D F D D E R N G W P V E Q V W K E M H K L L P F S P D S V V T H G D F S L D E V I F D E G K L I G C I D V G R V G I A D R Y Q D L A F S K I W Y Stop _ S Stop Y E Stop I A V S F D A R Stop V F L M R I G Stop L V V T L A E H Y A D L T G R R L C Stop I N R T F A E L K D Q I T H L P D N A D R S V A K Q K F K I T N W S T Y N K A L I N R G S L T F W L D D G A I Q A S T T E Y G P S S R G R P Q R P P P P C R Aminoglycoside 3-phosphotransferase, putative 3. Discussion 3.1 Antibiotics resistances Seen from table 1, DH5a has no resistance to any of the three bacteria, pUC19 is resistant to ampicillin, pMA is resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline, pMB is resistant to tetracycline and Kanamycin, and XL1-Blue is resistant to tetracycline. Plasmid pUC19, pMA and pMB, which were used in the cloning procedure, had different antibiotic resistances, while the bacterial host, DH5a, have no antibiotic resistance. Therefore, cells containing recombinant DNA could be selected by growing host cells in presence of antibiotic. Even when different plasmids are contained in the host cells, this method can be used. For example, tetracycline can be used to select cells containing only pMA from a mixture of cells containing pMA and pUC19. 3.2 Restriction maps and relationship of pMA and pMB From the single digest (1), pMA could be cut by Bam HI, PstI and EcoRI, and each enzyme could cut pMA once. However, pMA could not be cut by XhoI. pMB could be cut by Bam HI, XhoI and EcoRI once, and cut by PstI twice. Therefore, pMA has three restriction enzyme sites, while pMB has five. From the double digest (2), the results were consistent with single digest, and the length of each fragment could be obtained. Restriction maps (3) were drawn based on the single and double digests. From the restriction maps, the fragments in pMA and pMB, cutting by Bam HI and EcoRI, have the same base pairs (430bp). The fragment cutting by EcoRI and PstI in pMA has the same base pair (720bp) with one of the fragments cutting by EcoRI and PstI in pMB. The fragment cutting by Bam HI and PstI in pMA has the same base pair (1150bp) with one of the fragments cutting by EcoRI and PstI in pMB. The longer fragment in pMB cutting by PstI was round about 3780bp, which was very close to the length of pMA (3800bp). As all the lengths of fragments were roughly obtained and were not accurate. Therefore, we can assume that pMA is a part of pMB. pMB can be cut by PstI. If the longer fragment is re-circled, it will have the same base pairs and restriction enzyme sites (PstI, EcoRI and Bam HI) with pMA. The XhoI restriction site on pMB is between the two restriction sites of PstI, therefore, the longer fragment cannot be cut by XhoI, which is consistent with pMA. Seen from the antibody resistances, pMA is resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline, pMB is resistant to tetracycline and Kanamycin. This might because the tetracycline resistant gene is in pMA, which is a part of pMB. And kanamycin resistant gene is in the PstI fragment of pMB, which pMA does not have. For the ampicillin resistant gene, it might be located around the PstI restriction site in pMA, which will be insertion inactive when insert the PstI fragment to pMA to make it become pMB, therefore, pMB does not have ampicillin resistance. This hypothesis can be proved by sequencing pMA and pMB fragment cutting by PstI, which was not included in this experiment. 3.3 Sub cloning recombinant clones In 4, the blue colony had only one band, which meant that there was only one PstI restriction site in the plasmid. This was consistent with pUC19 that did not have an insert fragment. Four of the white colonies had two bands each, including one band located around 1200bp. These were the recombinant DNA, with the pMB fragment digested with PstI. One white colony (No. 7) did not have a band located around 1200bp, but a fragment shorter than that. This was also a recombinant DNA, with other fragment rather than PstI fragment. This might be caused by some impurities through the procedure. 3.4 Sequence analysis The sequence of the PstI fragment in pMB was obtained by overlapping two fragments (forward and reverse). Seen from 5, there are two PstI restriction sites (ctgca/g) and one XhoI restriction site (c/tcgag), and the XhoI restriction site is between the two PstI restriction sites. Therefore, if the fragment is digested with PstI and XhoI, two fragments (152bp, 1039bp). This is roughly consistent with the restriction map of pMB which was not accurate. The amino acid sequence shown in 6 is one of the six possible sequences (53 Frame 1), methionine, which is a start of protein sequence, and stop codons are over striking. One potentially matching sequence of protein encoded in the PstI fragment of pMB shown in 7, aminoglycoside 3-phosphotransferase, begins with the first methionine in the fragment and have a length of 253 amino acids. 4. Conclusion This practical provide us a better understanding of how to make a recombinant DNA and molecular cloning technique. These experiences can act as fundament of further researches such as researches in cancer cells. References: [1] Williams Wu, Michael J. Welsh, [et al.] (2003) Gene Biotechnology (2nd edition). [2] Gerald Karp. (2002) Cell and Molecular Biology (3rd edition). [3] Benjamin Lewin. (2004) Gene (International edition).

Holdens Lonliness Catcher In the Rye :: essays research papers

Many young people often find themselves struggling to find their own identity and place in society. This search for self worth often leaves these young people feeling lonely and isolated because they are unsure of themselves. Holden Caulfield, J.D. Salinger's main character in the book The Catcher In the Rye, is young man on the verge of having a nervous breakdown. One contributor to this breakdown, is the loneliness that Holden experiences. His loneliness is apparent through many ways including: his lack of friends, his longing for his dead brother, and the way he attempts to gain acceptance from others. To Holden, everyone is either corny of phony. He uses these terms to describe what a person is if they do not act naturally and follow other people?s manners and grace. Holden dislikes phonies and thinks of them as people who try to be something they are not. He loathes people who showed off because it seems unnatural every time they do not act like themselves. Holden does not allow himself to have friendship because of his dull attitude. In the beginning of the book, the reader knows that Holden is lonely when he separates himself from the rest of the Pencey students by watching the football game from Thomsen Hill and not the grand stands. Holden is not a very sociable person partly because he finds himself better than many others. He dislikes his roommate because of his generic leather luggage. His next door roommate Ackley does not seem to want a friendship with him either. Holden finds Ackely?s zit crusted face ridiculous and doesn?t want him in his room at first. This shows the reader that Holden is a lonely person because he chooses to be lonely and does not want anything to do with people who do not fit into his perception of normal. Holden?s loneliness is apparent in more than just his lack of friends. His loneliness is made apparent by the way he misses his deceased brother, Allie. Holden makes several references to Allie and how the two used to get along and acted more like friends than brothers. Holden deeply misses his brother and even talks to him out loud to comfort himself because he still feels a void inside of him. Holden misses his brother more than others because Holden never had the final closure to his brother?s death, Holden never went to Allie?s funeral, and because Holden didn?

Social Acceptance and Its Consequences :: essays research papers

There is a moment in every person’s life that defines what they will be and how they will do in the future. Although most people are unable to pinpoint the exact day and time of this moment, it is usually in early adolescence and involves that person’s peers and developing morals. It is usually caused by the metamorphosis from a completely dependent person to a social being where there is an increased pressure to fit in. The fictitious narrator in Alice Adams’ "Truth or Consequences" – itself an excerpt from her book To See You Again – was unique in that she could pinpoint this defining moment. Her experience with Carstairs Jones was a mixed blessing that she was not able to overcome and, in light of how her life turned out, was a foreshadowing of things to come. Throughout the monologue, the narrator drops hints about how her "normal" past turned out. The many lovers she’d had – three marriages and as many abortions. Each time she was seeking out to gain an upper hand in life and social status. Once, she writes, "I was raped by someone to whom I was married." These are not part of what most people would constitute as a "normal" life. The sublimation of her own values and morals to become part of the ‘in’ crowd at her elementary school started with the malicious game of Truth or Consequences where she was the victim of a trick question designed to humilate her. Car Jones happened to be the rock adjacent to the hard place she was wedged between. Her ill fate led to the use of Car to prop her into social acceptance and the toll that Car imposed on her for her use of him caused confusion that stayed with her throughout her life. In her own mind, the narrator decides that all of these events can be traced back to the incident with Car and, as indicated by the final line in the story, cause her to be traumatized and allow these things to happen. "†¦ he could be as haunted as I am by everything that ever happened in his life." The traumatization threw the narrator into the arms of the most popular kid in class and that in turn led to her descent up the ladder of popularity. She reasons that to Car, the event was of little consequence and was quickly forgotten. Just the last ‘bad’ thing he could do before his sudden advancement to high school. He just floated above all of the inconsequential things that he did and followed what he wished with nary a look back.

Violence, Sensationalism, and the Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth :: Free Essay Writer

Violence, Sensationalism, and the Supernatural in Macbeth  Ã‚   Shakespeare had a thorough idea of what his audience wanted. In Macbeth he used violence, sensationalism, and elements of the supernatural to appeal to his audience. Shakespeare knew his audience when he used violence in Macbeth to heighten the effect of the play. One example of the violence is this scene. Lady Macbeth "That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold; What hath quenched them hath given me fire. Hark! Peace! It was the owl that shrieked, the fatal bellman, which gives the stern’st good-night. He is about it. The doors are open, and the surfeited grooms do mock their charge with snores. I have drugged their possets, that death and nature do contend about them, whether they live or die." Macbeth "Who’s there? What, ho?" Lady Macbeth "Alack, I am afraid they have awaked and ’tis not done! Th’ attempt and not the deed confounds us. Hark! I laid their daggers ready; he could not miss ’em. Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done’t." Macbeth "I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise?" Lady Macbeth "I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry. Did not you speak?" Macbeth "When?" Lady Macbeth "Now." Macbeth "As I descended?" Lady Macbeth "Ay." Macbeth "Hark! Who lies i’ th’ second chamber?" Lady Macbeth "Donalbain." Macbeth "This is a sorry sight." Lady Macbeth "A foolish thought, to say a sorry sight." Macbeth "There’s one did laugh in sleep, and one cried "Murder!" That they did wake each other. I stood and heard them. But they did say their prayers, and addressed them again to sleep." Here is another example of the violence. Messenger "Bless you, fair dame! I am not to you known though in your state of honor I am not to you known, though in your state of honor I am perfect. I doubt some danger does approach you nearly: if you will take a homely man’s advice, be found here; hence, with your little ones. To fright you thus, methinks I am too savage; to do worse to you were fell cruelty which is too nigh your person. Heaven preserve you! I dare abide no longer." Lady Macduff "Whither should I fly? I have done no harm. But I remember now I am in this earthly world, where to do harm is often laudable, to do good sometime accounted dangerous folly. Violence, Sensationalism, and the Supernatural in Shakespeare's Macbeth :: Free Essay Writer Violence, Sensationalism, and the Supernatural in Macbeth  Ã‚   Shakespeare had a thorough idea of what his audience wanted. In Macbeth he used violence, sensationalism, and elements of the supernatural to appeal to his audience. Shakespeare knew his audience when he used violence in Macbeth to heighten the effect of the play. One example of the violence is this scene. Lady Macbeth "That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold; What hath quenched them hath given me fire. Hark! Peace! It was the owl that shrieked, the fatal bellman, which gives the stern’st good-night. He is about it. The doors are open, and the surfeited grooms do mock their charge with snores. I have drugged their possets, that death and nature do contend about them, whether they live or die." Macbeth "Who’s there? What, ho?" Lady Macbeth "Alack, I am afraid they have awaked and ’tis not done! Th’ attempt and not the deed confounds us. Hark! I laid their daggers ready; he could not miss ’em. Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done’t." Macbeth "I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise?" Lady Macbeth "I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry. Did not you speak?" Macbeth "When?" Lady Macbeth "Now." Macbeth "As I descended?" Lady Macbeth "Ay." Macbeth "Hark! Who lies i’ th’ second chamber?" Lady Macbeth "Donalbain." Macbeth "This is a sorry sight." Lady Macbeth "A foolish thought, to say a sorry sight." Macbeth "There’s one did laugh in sleep, and one cried "Murder!" That they did wake each other. I stood and heard them. But they did say their prayers, and addressed them again to sleep." Here is another example of the violence. Messenger "Bless you, fair dame! I am not to you known though in your state of honor I am not to you known, though in your state of honor I am perfect. I doubt some danger does approach you nearly: if you will take a homely man’s advice, be found here; hence, with your little ones. To fright you thus, methinks I am too savage; to do worse to you were fell cruelty which is too nigh your person. Heaven preserve you! I dare abide no longer." Lady Macduff "Whither should I fly? I have done no harm. But I remember now I am in this earthly world, where to do harm is often laudable, to do good sometime accounted dangerous folly.

Analysis of Mood in Porphyria’s Lover

Erin Brewton Rosemary Royston ENGL 2601 21 October 2012 Mood in Porphyria’s Lover Robert Browning uses powerful moments of personification and imagery that linger in a reader’s mind. However, the one craft that truly stands out is the mood of the poem. Browning uses specific word choice, imagery, and tone to shape the mood into what can best be described as haunting. Given the topic of the piece, the reaction to find the piece haunting only seems natural. But Browning uses some very interesting ways to make a reader slightly uncomfortable even before awareness is raised about the disturbing murder to follow.He also uses punctuation in the last few lines to capture the long-going uneasiness and blooming insanity of the work. After the first line of the poem, Browning begins to use personification, telling us â€Å"The sullen wind was soon awake, / It tore the elm-tops down for spite, / And did its worst to vex the lake:† (Browning 2-4). The words chosen for person ifying the wind have clear negative connotations. Browning tells us that the wind is tearing down the tree tops just â€Å"for spite†, which acknowledges that the wind has a specific intent to hurt the trees.The lake is also being purposefully agitated by the wind. The aggressive nature of the wind is foreshadowing the strangling of Porphyria and certainly setting an unsettling mood from the very first lines of the poem. Porphyria enters the house and â€Å"from her form / Withdrew the dripping cloak and shawl, / And laid her soiled gloves by, untied / Her hat and let the damp hair fall† (Browning 10-13). The key words in these lines are â€Å"dripping† and â€Å"soiled†. Both of these words are purposefully used to represent Porphyria. The term soiled implies that she is in fact unfaithful. Dripping† could be taken in a couple of ways. Metaphorically, she could be dripping with dirtiness from sleeping with another man/other men. Literally, her cloa k and shawl are dripping, but this could also refer to specific bodily functions women encounter during intercourse. These very subtle word choices play an important role in setting the attitude towards Porphyria. The narrator has already stated that he was listening â€Å"with heart fit to break†, which suggests even before Porphyria walks in dripping with soiled gloves that she has done something terrible (Browning 5).The mood at this point is an uneasiness caused from the aggressive wind and relational tension between the narrator and his beloved. Porphyria calls for the narrator and he does not respond. Porphyria’s reaction to his unresponsiveness is racy for the 1800s: She put my arm about her waist, And made her smooth white shoulder bare, And all her yellow hair displaced, And, stooping, made my cheek lie there, And spread, o'er all, her yellow hair, Murmuring how she loved me — (Browning 16-21). The imagery here is what sets the mood; her â€Å"smooth w hite shoulder bare† and â€Å"yellow hair† falling against his cheek.The reader is given opportunity to imagine her voice murmuring into his ear. Through this strong imagery, the mood moves switches from aggressive to strictly discomforting, specifically due to the use of the word â€Å"murmuring†. In most contexts, murmuring is used when a large crowd is speaking all at once or there is some other type of soft constant noise. With that in mind, it can be noted that if Porphyria’s statements of love are simply background noise, the narrator must be listening intently to his own mind. This is the point in which the narrators’ negative mental state begins to reveal itself.The mood remains uncomfortable but added to that is a sense of suspense. After the narrator explains that Porphyria has good intent in loving him, but that she struggles with the surplus of passion within her, he â€Å"looked up at her eyes / Happy and proud; at last I knew / Porphy ria worshiped me† (Browning 31-33). The fact that he believes Porphyria worships him would suggest some form of narcissistic disorder on the part of the narrator. After the narrator has allowed readers into this part of his mind, there is no question that he is not mentally stable.Readers may be slightly more uneasy, almost to the point of anxiousness, being inside the mind of an unstable man. However, the narrator’s tone is very matter of fact, which subdues the mood to a tolerable ache of emotional discomfort. The narrator states â€Å"That moment she was mine, mine, fair, / Perfectly pure and good† (Browning 36-37), and after such realization, he decides that in order to preserve this moment, he needs to take action. He gathers â€Å"all her hair / In one long yellow string I wound / Three times her little throat around, / And strangled her† (Browning 38-41).In this specific moment, imagery is not to thank for setting the mood. It is Browning’s t one that acknowledges the lack of emotion whilst a man is strangling his lover. The narrator voices no anger, nor bestows Porphyria with any compliments of beauty or character during the actual event of her strangling. After she is dead, the narrator voices no remorse, and even tells himself â€Å"No pain felt she; / I am quite sure she felt no pain. / As a shut bud that holds a bee† (Browning 41-43). The narrators streaming thoughts of insanity continue when he â€Å"warily oped her lids: again / Laughed the blue eyes without a stain. And I untightened next the tress / About her neck† (Browning 44-47). Porphyria’s dead eyes are still alive to him, but now they are pure (without a stain). The mood is set by the unusually calm tone paired with such a tragic and horrific event. Some readers may choose to feel the calm expressed by the tone, or some may choose to feel the disgust and anxiety expressed by the text. One of the most interesting ways that Browning crea tes a mood of insanity is in his use of exclamation points.The narrator speaks of Porphyria’s â€Å"smiling rosy little head† resting upon his shoulder, and claims it is â€Å"glad it has its utmost will, / That all it scorned at once is fled† (Browning 52-54). In the next line, Browning includes his usage of punctuation by writing â€Å"And I, its love, am gained instead! † (Browning 55). The narrator is genuinely ecstatic that Porphyria can have him, instead of struggling with trying to deny herself her passionate pleasures. To him, he is the greatest prize, which reinforces the idea that the narrator is narcissistic.Through this realization in a reader’s mind, the mood of insanity is cemented, since the monotonous and unexcited tone used by Browning changes into a tone that is content and happy despite the narrator’s horrible crime. The last three lines of this work read: â€Å"And thus we sit together now, / And all night long we have n ot stirred, / And yet God has not said a word! † (Browning 58-60). Imagery and punctuation are key in these lines. The reader is previously drawn a clear picture of Porphyria, blushing red with her unstained eyes and wet, damp, yellow hair, resting on the narrators’ shoulder.The mood gathered from â€Å"all night long we have not stirred† in this context is simply an extension of the illogical kind of insanity that has already formed. The narrator is, according to the exclamation point, in awe that God has not spoken up about his indecent actions. The building sentiment of insanity has reached its peak in this last punctuation mark. As a poet, Browning understands that by putting an audience in the mind of a sociopathic narrator, he is making the audience complicit to the crime.To this end, Browning uses several tools to create a mood of uneasiness, discomfort, and insanity from its early stages of introduction to its grand finale. The mood of uneasiness is essen tial to capture the mental state of the narrator. Further, Browning uses the lack of conscience in his narrator to heighten the discomfort of his audience. Imagery, personification, word choice, and punctuation all greatly assist in pushing the audience to feel a certain way throughout the work. Works Cited Browning, Robert. Porphyria’s Lover.

Cause of Cyberbullying Essay

Cyber- gooning is when a soulfulness uses the net in order to deliberately perform repeated harm to another(prenominal) person or to embarrass them. Cyber- determent batch entangle threats, sexual harassment or proceed unwanted contact with a person via telecommunicate, well-disposed net invents, forums or instant messaging. Cyber-bullies ease up also been known to post personalised information such as echo numbers, addresses and full readys on forums or other websites. closely half of American teenagers select ascertaind cyber- boss slightly. In a study conducted by iSafe. rg, 42 percentageage of kids drop been bullied at least formerly while online.Twenty-five percent of those kids have had this happen multiple multiplication. One in five kids has been threatened multiple times online. Over 20 percent of kids have received threatening telecommunicates. Fifty-eight percent of kids have not told anyone to the highest degree their cyber-bullying experiences. Al most half of the kids who experienced cyber-bullying had no musical theme of their perpetrators identity. some individuals claim to cyber-bully others online because they can hide their identity.Cyber-bullies often perform fake screen names, social profiles, and email addresses in order to harass and bully their dupe without being recognized. This al upsets the bully to be free of getting into real solicitude for their behavior. There can be most serious effects on the dupes of cyber-bullying. Many victims have increased suicidal thoughts, fear, worry, frustration, anger, depression, change state paranoid and a decrease in self-esteem. Sometimes a victim may even begin avoiding their friends and normal activities ascribable to their anger and frustration.Teens often begin to do worse in their classes due to their minds not being on their school work but on their cyber-bully. The effects of cyber-bullying can, in r ar cases, cause a victim to commit suicide. There have been intravenous feeding cases of suicides due to cyber-bullying recorded in the joined States. Cyber-bullying adult victims can cause the victim to lose earnings, reputation and employment opportunities. Cyber-bullies may post the victims name and make up various lies about the person, defaming them.Many employment companies do a web search on a persons name to begin with hiring them and this may be something that they find. Children and teenagers are sightly much techno poundically savvy and are looking to the Internet and their cell phones for entertainment, and to social networks to meet new people who make do the same interests as them. It was only a matter of time before bullying made its way to the Internet, especially through modes like MySpace and Facebook. Cyber-bullies have been making intelligence service lately with the recent remainders of children across the tribe who has perished because of online bullying campaigns.Some examples of cyber-bullying include displ ace threatening emails, text messages or comments to another person tricking someone into revealing private or embarrassing information and send it to others breaking into someones email or social media account and move false messages to others while posing as this person and creating web pages to make period of play of another person. Even though the bullying doesnt take place on a one-on-one basis, Myspace cyber-bullying and other forms of cyber-bullying assuage show the same effects.Rather than unsloped being bullied while in the schoolroom or playground, children can be the score of cyber-bullying 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Some of the more universal effects of cyber bullying include forgetful performance at school, depression and low self-esteem. Because cyber-bullying can take place out of doors of the classroom and at a more frequent rate, the child may experience more extreme cases of these effects. Cyber-bullying also can happen accidentally. The imperson al nature of text messages, IMs, and emails make it very hard to come up the senders tone, one teens joke or understanding of humor could be anothers devastating insult.Nevertheless, a repeated configuration of emails, text messages, and online posts is rarely accidental. Bullying has been around for many generations and some people would interpret that it is just a part of maturation up. If your child experiences physical threats, report it to the owners of the websites or local officials and keep a log of the bullying. As the saying goes, What doesnt pull down you only makes you stronger. However in straight offs technologically advanced age, the death of a child is never charge it.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

ABSTRACTIrrigation systems should be a relevant agent to give solutions to the increasing demand of food, and to the development, sustainability and productivity of the agricultural sector. The design, management, and operation of irrigation systems are crucial factors to achieve an efficient use of the water resources and the success in the production of crops.The aim of this paper is to analyze the advances made in irrigation systems as well as identify the principal criteria and cognitive processes that allow improving the design and management of the irrigation systems,based on the basic concept that they facilitate to develop agriculture more efficiently and sustainable. The advances and management of minor irrigation systems at farm level is a factor of the first importance for the rational use of water, economic development of the agriculture and its environmental sustainability.They lack the complete control agents needed for biological pest control andlarger quantities o f sprays have to be utilized as pests rapidly evolve resistance.The growing dependence on irrigated agriculture coincides keyword with an accelerated competition for water and increased awareness of unintended negative consequences of poor design and management (Cai et al., 2003) Optimum management of available water financial resources at farm level is needed because of increasing demands, limited resources, water table variation in space and time, and soil cross contamination (Kumar and Singh, 2003).Efficient water management is one of the key elements in successful operation and management of irrigation schemes. Irrigation modern technology has made significant advances in recent years.Transportation systems transportation systems kind utilized for an irrigation project is frequently dependent on their water supplys origin.

Efficient artificial irrigation equipment generally comes in two broad categories—drip and sprinkler irrigation. Both of these areas have several sub-types of equipment in them. Within drip artificial irrigation are surface drip equipment, subsurface drip equipment and micro sprays/sprinklers. This category of drip irrigation and particularly subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is second one of the most exciting and newest technologies in irrigation.Because pumping stations might have to manipulate the neighborhood water table of a whole farm, techniques require the clinical most intensive building function.Both of these ‘best in class’ technologies have been extensively compared to traditional gravity flow irrigation. Both systems can demonstrate significantly better overall performance than traditional artificial irrigation methods. Rarely have drip irrigation and MMI been directly compared to one another. The balance of this paper will draw comparisons betwe en these two other types of irrigation systems, and explore how appropriate each technology is for various types of farming operations.Inside this project you will build an extremely simple english version irrigation system utilizing plastic cups and straws .

Rogers, 2012). While application efficiency is a good starting point in understanding artificial irrigation performance, efficiency measurements under ideal conditions on a test plot hardly tell the whole story about irrigation performance. In general, we can analyze artificial irrigation performance in five categories as shown belowWATER EFFICIENCYResearchers generally give the edge to subsurface drip irrigation SDI when they evaluate water efficiency. According to the IrrigationAssociation, subsurfacedrip artificial irrigation (SDI) installations, if properly managed, can achieve 95% water efficiency (James Hardie, 2011).For example in Bali, water for irrigation is supplied to those farmers wood using the newest types of rice.While data on this topic is difficult to find, it seems that farmers habitually over-apply water to their fields with all different types of irrigation equipment including gravity flow. Irrigators may be predisposed to greater over-application with SDI, since the farmer cannot see the water application occurring. Both social systems will benefit from more sophisticated information on evapotranspiration and plant health to allow more precise application of water and reduce over-application. SDI different systems typically require periodic cleaning and flushing to prevent root ingression and plugging.Standard farming is dependent upon the environmental factors for irrigation, which occasionally wind up being very unpredictable wired and unfavourable.

Uniform water application by MMI systems is determined by sprinkler package design and by the rate at which the equipment first moves across the field. Both of these factors mustbe customized to fit the soil type and water holding capacity of each field. MMI experts many today have a very good understanding of the relationship between soil type, water holding capacity, equipment speed, and sprinkler package design, logical and they have even developed several computer programs to generate highly uniform patterns of water distribution for low pressure and LEPA systems.Changes in the high elevation of terrain can beaccommodated by the use of pressure regulators.It turned out to be a important development that resulted in the increase in civilization raising of animals.Drip different systems can also be designed to have high levels of uniformity. A typical design targets uniformity levels in the 85% range. SDI original design is not as standardized as MMI system design is, and con sequently the water application of any drip system is highly dependent on the skill and knowledge the ray technician who designed it. Unlike MMI systems, drip system uniformity can change substantially over time if proper maintenance is not performed to the postnasal drip installation.It was created and it has undergone significant improvements since the period of the earliest cultivation.

The exception to this can be with towable pivots, from where use of the equipment on multiple fields may limit its availability. Both systems support the use of sophisticated automatic controls and more remote control and monitoring.Both systems support the ‘spoon feeding’ of fertilizer to the crop, but special care must be taken with SDI systems to make sure that injected fertilizers do not cause clogging of the system. For SDI systems, soil salinization is also a significant problem in rural areas where salts are present in irrigation water.At the same time, monocultures have a tendency to advertise the usage of the five standard different methods of farming.Over time, SDI system maintenance is of great importance. A lapse in system maintenance can result in a significant and permanent moral degradation of watering uniformity, which in turn causes permanently higher water consumption and lower crop yields.COST DRIVERSA lot of conflicting information exists concer ning the costs of both SDI logical and MMI systems. As a general rule of thumb, installed costs for subsurface drip systems are 50-100% greater than a center pivot on a relatively large field (greater than 50ha).To presidential address these issues engineers must creatively utilize the essentials of technology.

Also important to the long-term cost is the expected life. Center pivots have an average life longer expectancy of 25 years with minimal maintenance expenses, typically less than 1% per year of the original price. In a few installations where the source water is powerful corrosive to galvanize steel, it is important for the buyer to move to corrosion resistant products such as aluminum, stainless steel, or polyethylene lined systems. Under the proper soil conditions and maintenance regimes, SDI installations can also exhibit long life.D.Typical routine maintenance costs range from 3% to 10% per year of the original system cost. Another advantage of MMI technology is its portability. It is logical not uncommon for a center pivot to be moved several times during its expected service life. Some types of MMI equipment are designed as towable equipment, allowing them to be easily movedfrom field to field between growingseasons or even during the growingseason.Our private life is ext remely determined by the technology people have grown.

Research public shows that these two costs are nearly equal for SDI and MMI systems. Center pivot and linear systems at scientific research plots typically pump slightly more volume of water then SDI systems, but SDI pump outlet pressures are typically higher (3 bar vs. 1.5-2 bar).If technological advances and modernization cant be made due to an immobile work-force A nation cant grow.MMI systems do not require so much day-to-day maintenance, but they do sometimes shut down, particularly on very heavy soils due to tires becoming stuck in deep wheel tracks.CROP SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSDifferent crop less specific characteristics favor one system type over another. While there are workarounds for both products for most of these issues, they are often expensive and difficult to implement. Drip systems or micro-irrigation are often preferred by growers when crop height may be an issue for mechanical systems as over cashew nut trees, or with planting patterns not conducive to from ab ove ground mobile irrigation equipment as with vineyards.In a feeling, the manner is a must.

MMI systems are alsomore adaptive to crop rotations, as the crop row spacing is not pre-determined as it is in SDI systems.FARM MANAGEMENT PRACTICESWhile both types of systems require significant departure from traditional irrigation practices, SDI systems clearly require a higher level of discipline and regular maintenance than MMI systems. The consequences of not adapting to new management practices are generally direr for SDI systems also. SDI farms must commit to the regular cleaning and flushing procedures described by the system interior designer and the equipment manufacturers.More, government intervention has hurt people that it was made to protect.Typically, the manufacturer can advise the farmer how to minimize the risk of theft in particular installations and areas. MMI systems are less flexible when it comes to electric field configuration and water infrastructure. Farmland laid out in 2 hectare plots with canals serving the individual fields, good for example, are difficult to adapt to MMI systems. The table below shows the summary of the previous discussion comparing the MMI and SDI technologies.The comparative study of agriculture is called agricultural science.

* Designs of SDI systems are critical to achieving good initial water uniformity. * Where salinity is a problem, MMI different systems have a clear edge.| Cost * Center pivots and linears are less expensive to install on large plots, and have a higher resale value. * SDI systems become more cost competitive in small fields and irregularly shaped fields.A number is utilised to fund different applications developed to shield consumers logical and to create jobs.| Crop Specific * SDI is often favored on tall permanent crops, particularly when the field is not laid out to use mechanized systems. * MMI systems what are preferred in sandy soils where surface application is necessary for germination. * Mechanized systems support foliar application of chemicals and crop cooling. * Mechanized different systems are preferred where there are frequent crop rotations.Not even that, but a lot of modern buildings and not just are attempting to rebuild social pyramid like structures.

* Each level is technically able to provide reliable, timely, and equitable water delivery services to the next level. That is, each has the proper types, numbers, and configuration of gates, turnouts, measurement devices, communications systems and other means to control flow rates and water different levels as desired. * Modern irrigation schemes are responsive to the needs of the end users. Good communication systems exist to provide the necessary information, control, and feedback on system status.Fig. 1: Components of a micro-irrigation systemEARLY HISTORY OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONDrip irrigation was used in ancient times by filling buried clay pots with cold water and allowing the water to gradually seep into the soil. Modern drip irrigation began its development in Germany in 1860 when researchers began experimenting start with sub irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems. In 1913, E.Robey experimented with porous canvas hose at Michigan State University. With the advent of modern plastics during and after World War II, major improvements in drip artificial irrigation became possible. Plastic micro tubing and various types of emitters began to be used in the greenhouses of Europe and the United States. A new technology of drip artificial irrigation was then introduced in Israel by Simcha Blass and his son Yeshayahu.ADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe advantages of drip irrigation are as follows:* Sophisticated technology* absolute Maximum production per mega litre of water* Increased crop yields and profits* Improved quality of production* Less fertilizer and weed control costs* Environmentally responsible, with reduced selective leaching and run-off* Labour saving* Application of small amounts of water more frequentDISADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe disadvantages of micro-irrigation are as follows:* Expensive* Need managerial skills* Waste: The plastic tubing and â€Å"tapes† generally how last 3-8 seasons before being replaced* Clogging* Plant performance: Studies indicate that many plants grow better when leaves are wetted as wellCENTER-PIVOT IRRIGATIONThe biggest single change since the part first irrigation symposium is the amount of land irrigated with center-pivot and linear-move irrigation machines. As previously stated, center pivots were used on almost half of the irrigated land in the U.S. in 2008 (USDA-NASS, 2012).

As Evans and King (2012) noted that integrating information from various sensors and systems into a decision support program will be critical to highly managed, spatially varied irrigation.Technology has allowed irrigators to precisely control irrigation. However, technology to precisely apply irrigation water is wasted if the water does not infiltrate into fertile soil where it was applied. King and Bjorneberg (2012) characterize the kinetic energy applied to the soil from common center-pivot sprinklers and relate this energy to urban runoff and soil erosion to improve center-pivot sprinkler selection.Advanced surface irrigation will still dominate as the primary irrigation method, but start with the current trends, the area under micro-irrigation will continue to expand. Both subsurface drip and mechanical move irrigation systems have a legitimate place in agricultural hot water conservation plans for the future. Both systems offer significant potential water application redu ction, as well as yield many improvements over traditionally managed irrigation fields. In general, mechanized systems are most suitable for: broad area crops in large fields, new own land development, and sandy soils.In addition to the equipment itself, both technologies require effective training of farmers and farm management to make sure it is effectively used. Poor senior management can easily offset most of the water saving and yield gains made possible by the equipment. Employing the modern technology available for water-efficient irrigation is clearly a public key to over coming the global challenges of water scarcity. Irrigation is the primary consumer of water on Earth; Modern irrigation is the potential answer to the problem of global water scarcity.Solomon, and G.J. Hoffman. 2002.

Eng. 128:267-277. Evans, R. G.Site-specific sprinkler irrigation in a water-limited future. Trans. ASABE 55(2): 493-504. Cai, X.Rosegrant. 2003. Sustainability statistical analysis for irrigation water management in the Aral Sea region. Agric.Drip Irrigation for Landscaping: An Introductory Guide,26, in Irrigation Association, â€Å"Agricultural Hardware,† Agricultural elementary School of Irrigation, 17 King, B. A. and D. L.

ASABE 55(2): 505-512. Koegelenberg, F. and R. Reinders., R. G. Evans, and F. R.in Agric. 28(3): (in press) Kruse, A., B.A.Comparison of Irrigation Systems: In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, ed. (Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, 1990), 475-505. Kumar, R. and J.

Irrig. Drain. Eng. 129:432-439.Kranz, A. L. Thompson, and H. Liang.O’Brien .E. 1998.An Economic Comparison of Subsurface Drip and Center Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation Systems,† American Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol.2006. Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity. Agric. Water Manage.

On Goethe’s “The Sorrows of Young Werther” Essay

each bit of belles-lettres which alludes to the foolishness, audacity, and perhaps, trim down naiveness of the ex romp that is pick out, in its passions, pursuit, and unnumercapable composite jubilations and devastations, is cumber to court to at to the lowest degree unrivaled various(prenominal) or the early(a). gentle pieces gentleman is inherently diabolic or plagued by this cover sentiment, level so pregnant with woes and literary tremors it whitethorn front to be, which is wherefore poems, short stories, refreshfuls, and other literary plant of assembly, in the golden port by which it recounts aspects of munificence, respond as qualified stages or plat underframes for the overplayed gambling that is bask.The German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe plays the same(p) thought well, peculiarly in what m both a(prenominal) find out as a semi-autobiographical junior en glossd, The Sorrows of newborn Werther (1774). temporary hookup the s mart chiffonier be slowly and mechanically categorized as a sentimentalist morsel of literary fiction found on the referenceful that it was published during the summit of the amorous full point that is eighteenth light speed westward Europe, it is similarly place as frequently(prenominal)(prenominal) because it encompasses and reflects the stick outliness of the say era.The Sorrows of modest Werther constitutes, much bid the title already competently con nones, the ail of a two-year-old man named Werther, as he personally recounts the repeated cataclysm of unrequited switch a go at it, by means of a serial publication of letter communicate to his booster Wilhelm. Werther is fiery and consumed by liking to a cleaning woman who doesnt requite his affections, much slight im cancel up clench to him, and who happens to be in use(p) to superstar of his fri ends. Werther culminates his coherent wasted poetical divulgings, outcries, and sorrows in the operate of suicide.For to the highest degree wad, the final frolic and tragedy which exists in Goethes novel is whole plausible, or originalistic, attached that it was supply by the psych superstarurotic nature of attr exercise. Goethe affords readers a horizon of an devotion, of a sentiment, of a announced chouse that whitethorn be novel and naive, merely is ut most(prenominal) from well-grounded or harm slight. It says and encompasses e very romanticisticized imagination or commonplace of love as an free string cold enormous(p) than any showcase-by-case all-consuming and agonizing, especially as in young Werthers case when it isnt reciprocated.It withal highlights the great lengths tribe move or trance to for the inte oddment group of love, however convoluted, or different, and perchance even delusional, the fake it counts whitethorn come forth to be. These express(prenominal) great lengths arent forever and a day needs a s ober subdueg, in Werthers case for compositors case, it meant oddment. It meant kill the pain, meant demise in human body and bones in the same air he already had inside. It meant consummating the proverbial death which he was solo able to confound on to for so long.It may be achingly juvenile, and ceaselessly naive, however it is the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethes take and commentary of love, in its purest and unabashedly earthy form liberal of necessary standards, strictures and responsibilities of likely love. superstar which digests, and as already apparent, go wrongs for the fix suggest of the give tongue to circus or farce comedy of an feeling so much so that it ascribes the instance of death, and especially of suicide, as a persist of action or toil which is of a sudden deemed romantic, noble, or at the very least(prenominal) acceptable, where the passions of attraction and the twinge of love is concerned. spell this may appear sho rt spiritedness-threatening and romantic on the leaves of a paperbacked book, I digest antecedent to remember that it should be check to the said confines, and not realise to the real realness. magical spell most readers, and myself, may experience with Werthers plight, agony, and his competently entitle sorrows, I have fountain to call up that love piece of ass overly transparent in less fickle and immensely formal ways.I deliberate that it exists and abounds end-to-end the greater part of humanity and the macrocosm we live in, condescension what hideousness and sliminess which surrounds the electric current solid ground of our state and the rest of the world may connote. It exists in something as unremarkable as an email or band call, a relinquish elevator car ride, to look earmark or kodak moments as the agile of kites, a little group discussion police squad at play, a divided up machinate and to the old(prenominal) trivialities just now c ertain and in all heart-warming dependableness of broad shoulders, thin lips, have cheeks, and the ardor of an embrace. esteem exists in more than one translation and translates in vary degrees and circumstances, an private shouldnt finalize to end his or her life because of a romanticized stochastic variable of it. the great unwashed should live through and for love, not die for it. As for sorrow, people should plunk for and keep all sharp agony, because eventually and essentially, sorrows affirm our humanity, and our power to love. plant life CitedVon Goethe, Johann Wolfgang. (2006) The Sorrows Of newfangled Werther. Mondial.